Endocrine System And Urinary System

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The regulatory affects of the endocrine system

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Works along with the nervous system to regulate the functions of the human body to maintain homeostasis

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Hormones

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Chemicals that act on target cells throughout the body

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Steroid

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Based off lipids. Insoluble in water but soluble in lipids (fats). Derived from cholesterol. Examples: aldosterone, cortisol, estrogen, testosterone

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Peptides

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Dervied from amino acids. Examples: Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), oxytocin (OT), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

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Proteins

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Derived from amino acids. Examples: Growth hormone (GH), parathyroid hormone (PTH), prolactin (PRL)

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Amines

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Derived from amino acids. Examples: Epinehrine, norepinephrine

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Glycoproteins

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Derived from carbohydrates and proteins. Examples: Folicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing horomone (LH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Back 8

controls the thyroid gland; it is regulated by the hypothalamus's gland thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) and is produced by the pituitary gland

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FSH & LH

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affecting the reproductive organs (gonads). In males these are the testes and females the ovaries

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Follicle-stimulating hormone

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A gonadotropin affecting the testes and ovaries; it stimulates the maturation of sex cells

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Luteinizing hormone

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A gonadotropin affecting the testes and ovaries; it stimulates secretion of sex steroids

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Calcitonin

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A thyroid hormone that regulates the concentrations of blood calcium and phosphate ions

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Adrenal medulla

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The central portion of an adrenal gland, closely connected with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine

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Adrenal cortex

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The outer portion of an adrenal gland, consisting of layers of cells; it produces more than 30 steroids as well as the hormones aldosterone, cortisol, some sex hormones, and others

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Oxytocin

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Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and is also involved in the milk production process. Positive feedback

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Thyroxine

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The thyroid hormone also known as T4 or tetraiodothyronine; it is weaker than T3 but has the same actions. Negative feedback

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Thyroxine

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The thyroid hormone also known as T4 or tetraiodothyronine; it is weaker than T3 but has the same actions. Negative feedback

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Triiodothyronin

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The thyroid hormone also known as T3; it increases energy release from carbohydrates, increases protein synthesis, accelerates growth, and stimulates nervous system activity. Negative feedback

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Decrease

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In filtration if there is a drop in the systemic blood pressure

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Decrease

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In filtration if there is a drop in the systemic blood pressure

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Renin

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Controls filtration rate. Reacts with the plasma protein angiotensinogen, forming angiotensin I

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Mechanism of voiding

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Begins with the voluntary relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter muscle of the bladder

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Detrusor muscle

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Surrounding the neck of the bladder to form the internal urethral sphincter, this muscle functions in the micturition reflex

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ADH released

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Plasma volume and urine volume decreases

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Active transport

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Requires carrier molecules from cell membranes to transport certain molecules across the membrane, release them, and then begin the process again

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Glomerular filtration

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The process that initiates urine formation

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Net filtration pressure

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Usually a positive pressure, it forces substances out of the glomerulus

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Osmosis

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The spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides

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Osmosis

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The spontaneous net movement of solvent molecules through a semi-permeable membrane into a region of higher solute concentration, in the direction that tends to equalize the solute concentrations on the two sides

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Diffusion

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The process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their kinetic energy of random motion

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Adrenal medulla

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The central portion of an adrenal gland, closely connected with the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, secreting epinephrine and norepinephrine

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Adrenal cortex

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The outer portion of an adrenal gland, consisting of layers of cells; it produces more than 30 steroids as well as the hormones aldosterone, cortisol, some sex hormones and others

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Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti-Diuretic Hormone secretion (SIADH)

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To much ADH can cause blood vessels to constrict (become narrower) and this increases blood pressure.