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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are endocrine glands
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They are glands that secrete hormones into blood vessels
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What are exocrine glands?
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Glands that carry their secretions into body cavities, lumens, or to the external surface of the body
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What type of hormones does the hypothalamus produce?
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Releasing or regulating hormones which affect the anterior lobe of the pituitary and hormones stored in the posterior pituitary
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What 6 hormones are stored in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
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1. Growth Hormone
2. Thyroid Stimulating hormone 3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone 4. Follicle stimulating hormone 5. Lutenizing hormone 6. Prolactin |
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What does growth hormone do?
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Increases rate of growth until adulthood and maintains soft tissues
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What does thyroid stimulating hormone do?
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Stimulates synthesis and secretion of hormones produced by thyroid gland
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What does Adrenocorticotropic hormone do?
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Controls production and secretion of adrenal cortex hormones
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What does follicle stimulating hormone do?
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Growth of ovum
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What does lutenizing hormone do?
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Males: Stimulates leydig cells to produce testosterone
Females: Triggers ovulation |
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What does prolactin do?
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Development of lactating tissue
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What are hormones stored in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
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1. Oxytocin
2. Antidiuretic hormone |
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What does oxytocin do?
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Stimulates contraction of smooth muscle in pregnant uterus;
Stimulates contractile cells around ducts of mammary glands |
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What does anti-diuretic hormone do?
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stimulates water reabsorption by kidneys
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What 3 hormones does the thyroid gland produce?
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1. Thyroxine (T4)
2. Triiodothyronine (T3) 3. Calcitonin (CT) |
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What are 3 properties of T4 and T3 do?
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1. Control metabolism
2. help regulate growth and development 3. Increases reactivity of nervous system |
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What does Cacitonin do?
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Decreases blood calcium level
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What disease conditions are associated with the thyroid gland?
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1. Goiter
2. Hyperthyroidism 3. Hypothyroidism |
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What do the parathyroid glands produce?
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Parathyroid hormone
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What does parathyroid hormone do?
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1. Increases blood calcium level
2. Decreases blood phophate level |
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What does the medulla part of the adrenal glands secrete?
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Noepinephrine and epinephrine
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What are 3 hormones of the adrenal cortex?
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1. Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
2. Glucocorticoids (e.g. cortisone) 3. Gonadocorticoids (estrogens and androgens) |
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What does aldosterone do?
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causes kidney to reabsorb sodium and eliminate potassium
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What are three properties of glucocorticoids?
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1. Promotes metabolism
2. Increase body glucose to resist stress 3. Decrease blood vessel dilation and edema associated with inflammations |
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What do gonadocorticoids do and what two types are there?
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Associated with secondary characteristics;
Estrogens & Androgens |
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The endocrine portion of the islaets of langerhans produce?
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1. Glucagon
2. Insulin 3. Somatostatin |
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What does glucagon do?
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Increases blood glucose level
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What does insulin do?
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Decreases blood glucose level
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What does somatostatin do?
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inhibits secretion of GH, glucagon, and insulin
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What are disease conditions of the pancreas?
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Type I (juvenile-onset diabetes = insulin dependent)
Type II (Adult-onset diabetes = non-insulin dependent) forms of diabetes mellitus |
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What is spermatozoa?
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Sperm
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What are the ova?
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eggs of the female
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What are gonads?
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Testes and ovaries
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What is the male sex hormone?
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Androgens
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What is the primary reproductive organs?
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Testes and ovaries
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What are the secondary reproductive structures?
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scrotum, ducts, glands, and penis
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Why do the testes lie outside the pelvic cavity?
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Because viable sperm cannot be produced at the body's internal temperature of 37 deg. celsius
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How much lower of a temperature does the scrotum provide?
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3 deg. C lower
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What type of muscle is the dartos muscle?
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smooth muscle
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What type of muscle is the cremaster?
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skeletal muscle
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What is the tunica albuginea?
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A dense irregular connective tissue covering the testes
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Where does spermatogenesis occur?
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seminiferous tubules
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What stimulates sperm production?
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FSH
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How long does sperm production take?
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65 days
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How are spermatids created?
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Created from cells on the periphery on the seminiferous tubule
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What do Sertoli cells do?
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1. Aid in the development of spermatids by nourishing them
2. Secrete inhibin |
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What does inhibin do?
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Inhibits FSH
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What is an acrosome?
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a covering on the head of a sperm that contains digestive enzymes allowing the sperm to penetrate the ovum
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What does the midpiece of the sperm contain?
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mitochondria to make ATP for sperm locomotion
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What do Leydig cells produce?
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Produce male sex hormones a.k.a. androgens
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What stimulates Leydig cells to produce hormones?
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Leutenizing Hormones (LH)
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What does the epididymis store?
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Spermatozoa
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What does seminal fluid have that aids in ATP production by sperm?
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fructose sugar
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What do the Coper's gland produce?
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An alkaline mucus that neutralizes acidic urine in the urethra
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What is coitus?
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The first sexual intercourse; break that bitch!
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The capsule of the ovaries consist of what kind of tissue?
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Dense irregular CT also known as the tunica albuginea
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What is a Graafian and how does it become so?
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A mature follicle; matures through the effects of FSH and LH
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What is oogenesis?
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Meiosis that reduces the follicle from 23 pairs of chromosomes to one of each pair
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What is the corpus luteum?
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A ruptured follicle that is made after ovulation; becomes an endocrine gland that responds to LH
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What does the corpus luteum secrete?
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Progesterone and estrogen
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What does progesterone stimulate?
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Stimulates the endometrium to prepare for the implantation of an embryo
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What is the corpus albicans?
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The degeneration of a corpus luteum if no embryo is produced
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Where in the fallopian tubes does fertilization usually occur?
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In the ampulla
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What epithelium lines the uterine tube?
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Ciliated simple columnar epithelium
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What is cleavage?
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Cell division of the zygote
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What is the definition of pregnancy?
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Implantation of the embryo
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What hormone causes contractions during birth?
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Oxytocin
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what is partuition?
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Birth
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Where is milk stored in the mammary glands?
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Lactiferous ducts
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What controls lactation?
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Prolactin
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What hormone acts to eject milk from ducts?
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Oxytocin
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