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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functions of the Endocrine System:
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•Differentional of reproductive and CNS in fetus
•Growth and development •Coordinate male and female reproductive system •Maintain homeostasis •Important role in adaptive responses in emergency :fight or flight |
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Hormones: definition and characteristics
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Hormones – chemical messengers transported in body fluids produced by endocrine organs
•Impt modulators in systemic and ceullular responses •Most always present in body fluid •Affect target cells with specific receptors for specific hormones •Can stimulate change in target cells even in low concentration •Hormones can be made of: Amino acids, proteins, cholesterol, fatty acids •A single hormone can have different effects on different cells |
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Endocrine system definition
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•Composed of cells tissues and organs call the endocrine glands
•Network of glands that secrete hormones that travel through blood and regulate and integrate body function impt for homeostasis help regulate metabolic processes |
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Major endocrine glands
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1. Pineal gland
2. Pituitary gland 3. Thyroid gland 4. Thymus 5. Adrenal Glands – sit on kidneys 6. Pancreas 7. Ovary 8. Teste |
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•Paracrine actions
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– have local hormonal effect on cells other than those that produced them (ex sex hormones in ovary)
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•Autocrine action
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hormones act on the cell that secreted them
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Exocrine glands
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not part of endocrine system… release cellular secretions through a duct ex sweat glands, salivary glands, mammary glands
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Mechanisms of water soluable hormoes
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i. Hormone binds to membrane receptor HR complex shape change signals to a G protein action on a effector (adenyl cyclase) -cAMP (secondary messenger) response (activates other enzymes, genes, etc)
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Mechanisms of lipid soluable hormones
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a. Lipid soluble hormones Pass freely through membrane, bind to IC receptors and form complexes in the nucleus (binds to DNA : Hormone Response Element in promoters on target gene) -transcribes a specific RNA produce new proteins cellular response.
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Lipid soluable hormones include
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steroids, Vit D., thyroid hormones, estrogen, testosterone, adrenal cortical hormones
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UP regulation
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the cell makes more hormone receptor (mostly due to decrease in hormone levels)
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Down regulation
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cell makes fewer receptors due to persistent increase in hormone levels
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Ketoacidosis
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lower PH in body causes lower insulin binding. (affinity of receptors affected by PH)
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Types of Hormone feedback regualtion
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1. Hypothalmus-pituitary feedback
2. Negative feedback -ex insulin and glucose 3. positive feedback -ex oxytocin and LH |
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Anterior pituitary hormones
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GH, prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH
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Posterior pituitary hormones
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LH and FSH
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Pituitary Gland produces what hormones?
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GH, Prolactin TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH which control growth and metabolism, thyroid gland function, glucocoritcoid hormone levels., gonadal function
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What is the function of Thyroid hormones?
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thyroxine (T4) and Triioothyonine (t3)
-increase metabolic rate enhance protein synthesis -stimulate lipid utilization - calcitonin does____ |
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parathyroid gland produces what hornome? what is its function?
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-increases blood Ca levels |
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Adrena Medula produces what hormones? what is their function?
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EPINEPHRINE AND NOREPINEPHRIN
-hormone production stimulated by sympathetic impulses |
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Adrenal cortex produces what hormones? what functions?
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aldosterone- acts on kidens to concerve NA and water, and extcrete K+
-cortisol – glucocorticoid – actions on carb, protein, and lipid metabolism -adrenal sex hormones -testosterone -supplement gonadal sex hormones |
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Pancreatic islet cells secrete what?
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1. glucagon
2. insulun |
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function of glucagon ?
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stimulates liver to produce glucose from glycogen and noncarbs
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function of insulin?
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facilitates glucose transport through CM, stimulate glucose and fat storage, promotes protein synthesis
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do nerve cells need insulin to obtain glucose?
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* note: nerve cells DO NOT need insulin to obtain glucose
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Pineal gland secretes what hormone?
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attaches to the thalamus that secrests melatonin in response to light.
-related to happy hormones |
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Thymus gland releases what hormones?
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Thymosins, which stimulate maturation of Tcells.
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Mechanisms of hormine inactivation are:
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May be destroyed by enzymes at receptor site
ex.Epinephrine, dopamine o-may be taken uyp by cells and destroyed by enzymes ex. -peptide hormones -may be destroyed in liver and passed out in bile -ex steroid hormones -T3 and T4 |
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what gland is called the master gland?
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Pituitary glad bc its hormones control funtion of many target glands and cells
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what is glycogenesis?
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glucose syntheseis in the liver
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glycogenolysis is?
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glycogen breakdown in the liver
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what is gluconeogenesis?
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syntehsis of glucose from non carb sources such as amino acids, lactic acids
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what is diabetes?
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a group of metabolic disease all characterized by hyperglycemia.
caused by defects in insulin secreation, insulin action, or both |
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what kind of long term damage can diabetes cause?
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eye, kidney, nerves, and heart and blood vessles damage
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what is function of insulin?
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lowers bl0od glucose concentration by facilitating glucose moevemtn into body tissues.
1. promotes glucose uptake by target cells and provides glucose for storage as glucogon 2. inhibits gluconeogenesis 3. increases protein synthesis |
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what is glucagon function?
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maintains blood glucose by increasing the release of glucose from the liver into the blood by initiating glycogenolysis, the breakdown of liver glycogen
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what is role of somatostatin?
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acts o islets of langerhans to inhibit realse of insulin and glucogon... also decreases GI activity after food ingested
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what are the islets of Langerhans?
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cells in pancreas...composed of alpha and beta cells.
1. beta cells - secrete insulin, andamylin 2. alpha cells - secrete glucago? |
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. what cell secretes glucagon?
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alpha cells in islets of Langerhans in Pancreas
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what is glycogenolysis?
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the breakdown of glycogen in liver and muscle cells intiated by glucagon in response to low blood glucose levels
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What is function of Amylin?
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slows glucose absorption in small intestine; suppresses glucagon secretion
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what cells secrete amylin?
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beta cells of islets of langerans in pancreas
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when do highest insulin levels occur?
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after eating
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when are insulin levels the lowest?
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at night (sleeping)
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when are glucagon levels highest?
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at night (sleeping)
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what are growth hormone efftects on glucose levels and metabolism?
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- decreases cellular uptake and use of glucose (ie counteracts insulin)
-increases protein synthesis in cells, mobilizes fatty ascids in adipose tissue |
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What do glucocorticoid hormones do?
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stimulate gluconeogeneiss by liver during periods of fasting
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What is type 1 diabetes?
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insulin-dependent DM or Juvinline-onset diabetes
-5 -10% pf case -caused by pancreatic beta cell dustruction by autoimmune process -causes absolute insulin deficiency |
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What is type 2 diabetes?
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-non- insulin dependent DM (90-95% cases)
-caused by combination of beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistnace |
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what type of diabetes causes absolute insulin deficiency?
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Type 1
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what type of DM is prone to ketoacidosis?
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type 1 - bc lack insulin,which inhibits fat breakdown and relase of free fatty acids (FFA) from cells. In absense of insluine, ketosis develops when fatty acids are released from fat cells and convereted to ketones in liver.
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what causes ketoacidosis?
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insulin,which inhibits fat breakdown and relase of free fatty acids (FFA) from cells. caused by a build-up of ketos.. In absense of insuline, ketosis develops when fatty acids are released from fat cells and convereted to ketones in liver.
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what are characteristics of type 1 DM?
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onset before 40 yrs, normal body weight or wasted, responsive to insulin theraoy
Manifestation – plasma insulin low to absent, plsma glucagon |
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what are characteristics of type 2 DM?
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usually adult onset, most people are obese, strong genetic predisposition
Manifestations: normal or elevated insulin levels |
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Type 2 diabetes results from..
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impaired ability of the tissues to use insulin accompanied by a relative lack of insulin or impaired releae of inslin in relation to bllod glucose levels
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type 1 diabetes results from...
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loss of beta cell function and absolute insulin deficiency
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what are the risk factors for type 2 DM?
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family history
obesity inactivity, race, history of gestational DM, hypertension, polycystic ovary syndrome |
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What are other caueses of DM? (1-2% 0f cases)
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Genetic defects in beta cell function
(MODY1, MODY2, MODY3, MODY4, MODY5, MODY6, IPF-1) – Genetic defects in insulin action (e.g. leprechaunism) – Genetic syndromes (e.g. Down’s syndrome, Huntington’s chorea, myotonic dystrophy) – Diseases of the exocrine pancreas (e.g. pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, cystic fibrosis) -drug or chemical induced -infections -immune related |
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What is Gestational Diabetes?
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glucose intolerance that is detected first during pregnancy. Occurs in 4% of all pregnancies in US
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what is pre-diabetes?
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Impaired glucose tolerance
and impaired fasting glucose |
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diagnostic symptoms of DM are?
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Symptoms (polyuria, polydipsia, unexplained weight loss) plus
casual plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dl or 2. Fasting plasma glucose ≥126 mg/dl or 3. 2-h postload glucose ≥200 mg/dl during an oral glucose tolerance test |
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what is cause of most chronic diabetes complications?
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hyperglycemia leading to an increase in intracellular glucose.
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what is Hemoglobin A1c?
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glycated hemoglobin or glycohemoglobin is hemoglbin into which glucose has been incorporated.... not dependent on insulin...
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what is Hb Aic used for in diabetes control?
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level of A1c presnt in blood provides index of blood glucose levels over previous 6 -12 weeks
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what is leading cause of blindness in 20 - 74 yo in US
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Diabetic retinopathy
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what percentage of end-stage renal failture is caused by DM?
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40 %
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what are the five stages of kidney disease?
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i.Hyperfiltration or increase in GFR
ii.Glomeruli being to show damage and microalbuminure occurs iii.Albumin excreteion rate exceeds 200 / min and bl creatinine and ureanigtrogen rise. BP may increase iv.GFR decreases to less than 75, large amoungs of proein pass into the urine, and high BP almost always occurs. Levels of creatinine and urea-nitrogen in the blood rise further v.Kidney failure, or end stage renal disease (ESRD) GFR is less than 10 |
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what are treatment options for person with endstage renal disease?
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three primary treatment
options for individuals who experience ESRD: 1. Hemodialysis 2. Peritoneal Dialysis 3. Kidney Transplantation |
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what types of nueropathy are caused by DM?
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About 60-70% of people with
diabetes have mild to severe forms of nervous system damage, including: − Impaired sensation or pain in the feet or hands − Slowed digestion of food in the stomach − Carpal tunnel syndrome − Other nerve problems |
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what 3 aspects are impt to manageing type 2 DM?
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1.Glycemic control through diet, exercize and medication
2.Treat conditions 3.Screen for/manage complications Treatment lifestyle change |
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what are 3 major types of DM medications?
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1. Drugs that sensitize
the body to insulin and/or control hepatic glucose production 2. Drugs that stimulate the pancreas to make more insulin 3. Drugs that slow the absorption of starches |
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what is Metabollic Syndrome?
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clustering of:
Hypertension • Hypertriglyceridemia • Low HDL-cholesterol • Obesity (central) • Impaired Glucose Handling • Microalbuninuria (WHO) |
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Is Metabollic Syndrom a useful term?
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YES bc
- insulin resistance is a significant predictor of diabetes and CVD? -metabolic syndrome is a predictor of incident diabetes -MS a predictor of CVD -Its useful for approximating, predicting,etc for diabetes and CHD |
