Endocrine System

Front 1

Endocrine glands are ____ organs

-secrete hormones into _____

-have extensive distribution of:

Back 1

ductless

bloodstream

blood vessels

Front 2

The endocrine system and the nervoussystem both function to communicate signals

Back 2

throughout the body to bring abouthomeostasis.

Front 3

•How does endocrine system compare to thenervous system?

•Both cause ___ in human body

•Endocrine uses ____, Exocrineuses ____

•Endocrine ___ reaction timeExocrine- ___ reaction time

Back 3

changes

hormones, neurotransmitter

slow, rapid

Front 4

Ifone system(Endocrine or nervous) goes out of balance your body goes out of:

Back 4

homeostasis

Front 5

Endocrine Glands

Back 5

ductless

secrete into bloodstream

chemicals secreted called hormones

chemicals theymake influence cells far from where they are secreted

Front 6

Exocrine Glands

Back 6

haveducts

secrete onto the epithelial surface,

examples of places you can findexocrine glands: sweat glands,mammillary glands, pancreas (exocrine- secretes enzymes into sm intestine) salivary glands

Front 7

Endocrine glands produce informationalmolecules called

Back 7

hormones

Front 8

•Hormones can only affect ____ or____ that have receptors for a specifichormone.

Back 8

cells (target cells)

organs (target organs)

Front 9

Cells or organs that do not possessreceptors for a specific hormone:

Back 9

do not respond to that hormone.

Front 10

•There are three major classes of hormonesbased on their chemical structure:

Back 10

1. peptide hormones

2. steroid hormones

3. biogenic amines

Front 11

1.Mostnumerous in the body

2.Arechains of amino acids

ex. growth hormone

Back 11

peptide hormones

Front 12

1.Madefrom lipids (fats)

2.Derivedfrom cholesterol

ex. estrogen

Back 12

steroid hormones

Front 13

altered amino acids

ex. thyroid hormone

Back 13

biogenic amines

Front 14

Hormone secretion is regulated by a self-adjusting mechanismcalled a

Back 14

feedback loop

Front 15

2 types of feedback loops:

Back 15

negative and positive

Front 16

Negative Feedback Loop

_____ starts the process like an elevation inblood glucose

the hormone ____ in response to elevate glucose is____

Insulin brings about a ____inblood glucose.

Back 16

stimulus

secreted, insulin

decrease

Front 17

Selfregulating loop to control hormones, is ____ in nature

Back 17

negative

Front 18

isthe 1st60 seconds of energy you burn before you start burning anything else

Back 18

glycogen

Front 19

Type I Diabetes

used to be called:

is a destruction of ____, are destroyed from a ____

Back 19

juvenile

pancreatic cells that produce insulin, viral infection that causes an autoimmune reaction in the body

Front 20

Type II Diabetes

_____ based

best thing for it is:

_____ Resistance

Back 20

lifestyle

diet and exercise and lifestyle changes

insulin

Front 21

Positive Feedback Loop

-only a _____ in the body

-the stimulusdoesn’t produce an_____ like a negative feedbackloop

-the stimulus _____ the process

Back 21

few examples

opposite and counteracting effect

accelerates

Front 22

Ex of positive feedback loop

Back 22

nursing a child

Front 23

-The hypothalamusis the link inbetweenthe ____ and is the _____ ofthe endocrine system

-It controls and oversees most _____

-It is located in the inferior region ofthe ____ and just superior to the ______

Back 23

nervous system and the endocrine system, master gland

endocrine functions

diencephalon, pituitary gland

Front 24

Thehypothalamus controls most endocrine activity in three ways:

1.Controls release of____ from the _____

2.Secretes _____ from the ____

3.Controls the stimulation and secretion activities ofthe _____

Back 24

regulatory hormones, anterior pituitary gland

oxytocin (OT) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), posterior pituitary gland

adrenal medulla

Front 25

Onlytwo hormones that hypothalamus secretes:

Back 25

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

Front 26

Thehypothalamus produces regulatory hormones that either_____ pituitary hormone secretion

Back 26

stimulate or inhibit

Front 27

•Located just inferior to the hypothalamus

Back 27

pituitary gland

Front 28

pituitary gland

--is housed within ________

--connected to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk:

--divided into:

Back 28

sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

infundibulum

anterior and posterior lobes

Front 29

Anterior Pituitary

Divided into 3 distinct areas:

Back 29

1.Pars distalis- larger anterior

2.Pars intermedia- inbetween

3.Pars tuberalis- wraps around tubal area

Front 30

•Hormones secreted from anterior pituitarygland are ____ byregulatory hormones secretedfrom the ____.

--These regulatory hormones from thehypothalamus to the anterior pituitary travel through a blood vessel network called the _____

Back 30

regulated

hypothalamus

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Front 31

Anteriorpituitary ____ it

Posteriorpituitary ____ it

Back 31

makes

stores

Front 32

Regulatinghormones are hormones that:

Inhibitinghormone are regulating hormones that:

Back 32

causeother things to do stuff

shut down other stuff

Front 33

Regulatinghormones travel through bloodstream and blood brings them:

Back 33

toant pituitary and they diffuse through ant pit walls –is slow

Front 34

There are seven major hormones secreted from the anteriorpituitary:

Back 34

TSH, PRL, ACTH, GH, LH, FSH, MSH

Front 35

Increased in pregnancy and during timesof stress and times of low temperature exposure

Back 35

TSH

Front 36

Released during pregnancy to regulatemammillary growth and involved in breast milk production

Back 36

PRL

Front 37

1.Stimulates the adrenals, specificallythey adrenal cortex

Back 37

ACTH

Front 38

Stimulates cell growth and division andalso stimulates the liver to make hormones for long bone growth

Back 38

GH

Front 39

Present in male and female, influencereproductive system and gamete production and maturation

Back 39

LH and FSH

Front 40

From melanin synthesis which ceases priorto adulthood

Back 40

MSH

Front 41

Posterior Pituitary

-derived from:

-Comprised of the following regions:

-Neural connection between the hypothalamus and the posteriorpituitary is the:

Back 41

embryonic diencephalon

–pars nervosa–infundibular stalk

•hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

Front 42

2 hormones that posterior pituitary stores and releases:

Back 42

oxytocinand antidiuretic

Front 43

stimulatescontraction of the uterus walls for child birth and stimulates milk ejectionfor breast feeding (in women)—in men: it causes smooth muscles contraction torelease semen during sexual activity

Back 43

oxytocin

Front 44

resultsin water retention in body and plays a part in vasoconstriction of bloodvessels

Back 44

ADH

Front 45

•The largest gland entirelydevoted to endocrine activities

Back 45

thyroid gland

Front 46

Thyroid Gland

•Located just inferior to the _____ and anterior to the ____

•Butterfly shape with _____ connectedby a midline ____

Back 46

thyroid cartilage, trachea

right and left lobes, isthmus

Front 47

•Functional unit of the thyroid gland

Back 47

thyroid follicle

Front 48

Thyroid Follicle

•Comprised of simple cuboidal cells thatproduce an iodinated glycoprotein called____ that is stored internally as acolloid

Back 48

thyroglobulin (TGB)

Front 49

The follicle cells and the internalstorage area for TGB is collectively called the _____

Back 49

•thyroid follicle

Front 50

Large endocrine cells located betweenthyroid follicles called:

Back 50

•parafollicular cells

Front 51

•parafollicular cells secrete ____ which helps to ____

Back 51

calcitonin, regulate serum calcium

Front 52

Smallglands (usuallyfour) embeddedon theposterior surfaceof the thyroidgland

Back 52

parathyroid glands

Front 53

Thereare two types of cells that are seen in the parathyroid gland:

Back 53

chief cells and oxyphil cells

Front 54

1.secreteparathyroid hormone (PTH) thathelps regulate serum calcium

Back 54

chief cells

Front 55

Paired glands anchored on the superiorborder of the two kidneys; also called:

Back 55

•suprarenal glands

Front 56

•Divided functionally into an outer _____ andan inner _____

Back 56

adrenal cortex

adrenal medulla

Front 57

Adrenal Cortex

Threedistinct layers of cells (from superficial to deep):

Back 57

Zona glomerulosa

Zona fasciculata

Zona reticularis

Front 58

producemineralocorticoids,the main one being aldosterone

Back 58

Zona glomerulosa

Front 59

produceglucocorticoids, the main one being corticosterone

Back 59

Zona fasciculata

Front 60

produce the sex hormones, estrogen- andtestosterone-related hormones

Back 60

Zona reticularis

Front 61

•Formsthe inner core of the adrenal gland

Back 61

Adrenal Medulla

Front 62

Adrenal Medulla

•Consistsof _____, which are modified cells of thesympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

--Secretes:

Back 62

chromaffin cells

norepinephrine and epinephrine

Front 63

•Both an exocrine (ducted gland) and endocrine (ductless)gland

Back 63

Pancreas

Front 64

•About 98–99% of pancreatic cells are _____ that produce alkaline pancreatic secretions into ducts

•The remaining 1–2% of cells are smallclusters of endocrine cells called _____ (islets of Langerhans)

--The hormones of the islet cells closelyregulate the level of _____

Back 64

pancreatic acini

pancreatic islets

blood glucose

Front 65

Pancreatic Islets

Comprisedof four different types of endocrine cells, each secreting a different hormone:

Back 65

alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells and F cells

Front 66

secrete glucagon

secrete insulin

secrete somatostatin

secrete pancreatic polypeptide

Back 66

Alpha cells

beta cells

delta cells

F cells

Front 67

•Secretes melatonin, which is involved in maintainingthe 24-hour circadian cycle and sexual maturation

Back 67

pineal gland

Front 68

•Located just superior to the heart andjust deep to the sternum

Back 68

thymus

Front 69

•It is located in the posterior region ofthe epithalamus

Back 69

pineal gland

Front 70

•Larger in infants and children than inadults

Back 70

thymus

Front 71

•Functions in association with thelymphatic system to regulate and maintain body immunity•

Back 71

thymus