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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is endocrinology?
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The study of the endocrine glands, the hormones they secrete, and the effects they have on their target cells and tissues
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What hormones are made in the anterior pituitary? What do they do?
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Tropic hormones
Stimulate growth and development of target organs; stimulate secretion of other hormones |
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What hormones are made in the posterior pituitary? What do tehy do?
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ADH - promotes water retention
Oxytocin - Stimulates uterine contractions and mammary secretion |
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What hormones are made in the thyroid? What do they do?
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Thyroxine (t4) - increases metabolism
Calcitonin - lowers plasma calcium |
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What hormone is made in the parathyroid? What does it do?
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Parathyroid hormone - increasees plasma calcium
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What hormones are made in the pancreas? What do they do?
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Insulin - lowers blood glucose
Glucagon - increases blood glucose |
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What hormones are made in the adrenal cortex? What do they do?
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Glucocorticoids - regulate metablolism
Mineralcorticoids - promote sodium retention |
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What hormone is made in the adrenal medulla? What does it do?
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Epinephrine - adrenergic stimulation
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What hormones are made in the ovaries? What do they do?
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Estrogens - maintain female genital tract and promote female sex characterisitics
Progesterone - prepares endometrium for implantation |
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What hormone is made in the testes? What does it do?
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Testosterone - promotes male sex characteristics and production of spermatozoa
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T or F
Most hormones only affect a few types of cells (target cells) |
True
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How do neurotransmitters influence target cells?
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By chemically binding to receptors in the membrane
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How many receptors does a target cell generally have?
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2000-100000
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What is down-regulation?
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When there is too much hormone, the amount of receptors will decrease
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what is up-regulation?
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When there is not enough hormone, the amount of receptors will increase
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What hormones fall under the steroid category?
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estrogens, progesterone, testosterone, aldosterone, and cortisol
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What are steroid hormones and what are they derived from?
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They are lipids, and are derived from cholesterol
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What are examples of biogenic amines?
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T3, T4, epinephrine, histamine, serotonin
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What are biogenic amines?
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Modified amino acids
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What hormones are peptides and proteins?
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oxytocin, ADH, Parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, CCK, gastrin
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What are the two types of commands that the brain uses?
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Chemical and electrical
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What are the 5 general characteristics of hormones?
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Physiological regulators
effective in minute quantities synthesized by living cells secreted into and carried by the blood initiate specific actions |
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What are the specific actions of hormones?
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affect membrane transport
affect RNA sythesis Affect protein sythesis act as co-enzymes |
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What is neuroendocrinology?
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the study of the interactions between the nervous system and the endocrine system
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What was once known as the master gland?
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The anterior pituitary
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What controls the anterior pituitary?
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the hypothalamus
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True or False
The anterior pituitary has the microscopc structure of an endocrine gland and the posterior pituitary has the structure of nervous tissue |
True
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What are the seven hormones of the anterior pituitary?
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Growth Hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone Thyroid stimulating homron Prolactin Follicle Sstimulating hormone luteinizing hormone melanocyte stimulating hormone |
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What are the two hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary?
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Antidiuretic hormone
oxytocin |
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True or False
the hypothalamus and the pituitary function together as an integrated unit |
True
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True or False
the anterior pituitary is controlled by substances made in the hypothalamus |
True
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What are the hypothalamic substances called that regulate the anterior pituitary?
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Releasing hormones
inhibitory hormones |
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True or False
the pituitary and hypothalamus are influenced by feedback mechanisms |
True
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What is another name for Growth hormone?
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Somatotropin
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What does growth hormone do?
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Stimulates the uptake of amino acids into cells
Stimulates the growth of long bones and soft tissues |
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What occurs as a result of excess GH?
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Gigantism and Acromegaly
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What is Gigantism?
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Excess GH before puberty
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What causes Acromegaly?
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Excess GH in adults
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What is the root cause of gigantism and acromegaly?
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pituitary adenoma (tumor in the pituitary)
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What are the symptoms of gigantism and acromegaly?
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Overgrowth of bone in skull and mandible
puffy and thickened nose large ears large tongue large hands increased sweating fatigue weight gain |
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How does GH promote bone growth in thickness and in length?
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Stimulates osteoblast activity
Stimulates proliferation of epiphyseal cartilage |
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True or false
sex hormones influence when the epiphysieal plates close |
True
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What mediates most of GH's growth-promoting activity?
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IGF-I
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What is a major source of IGF?
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The liver
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What causes pituitary dwarfism?
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Lack of GH or GRH before puberty
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What are the symptoms of pituitary dwarfism?
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small body with normal proportions
mild obesity |
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What does prolactin do?
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Stimulates the production of milk
promotes breast development in pregnancy |
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What does Thyroid Stimulating hormone do?
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It promotes and maintains frowth and develpment of the thyroid gland and stimulates it to secrete thyroxine and triiodothryonine
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What does follicle stimulating hormone do?
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FSH stimulates growth and development of the follicle to maturity
stimulates teh follicle to secrete estrogens stimulates testicular growth |
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What regulates teh secretion of FSH?
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GnRH
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What does Luteinizing Hormone do?
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LH acts with FSH in the development of the follicle
LH promotes ovulation LH is responsible for the formation fo the corpus luteum LH stimulates the corpus luteum to produce estrogen and progesterone In males LH stimulates the production of testosterone by the interstitial cells |
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What does adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) do?
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releases cortisol, involved in lipolisis, etc
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What does oxytocin do?
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Timulates milk secretionh in lactating women and stimulates strong uterine contractions during parturition
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What is another name for ADH?
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Vasopressin
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What triggers ADH?
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rising plasma tonicity or falling blood pressure
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What is diabetes insipidus?
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Lack of ADH due to damage to the pituitary or the hypothalamus
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What are the symptoms of diabetes insipidus?
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Polyuria
polydipsia (increased drinking) dehydration fever dry tongue delirium |
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The adrenal medulla secretes catecholamine homrones which supplement the action of which nervous system?
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Sympathetic
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The adrenal cortex secrete what?
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Corticosteroids
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What is addisons disease?
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Inadequate secretion of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids which results in hypoglycemia, Na and K imbalance, dehydration, hypotension, weight loss and general weakness
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What is cushing syndrome?
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Hypersecretion of corticosteroids or oversecretion of ACTH by the pituitary gland
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What are the symptoms of cushing syndrome?
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Puffy face, hypergylcemia, hypertension, decreased antibodies, and muscle weakness
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What is adrenogenital syndrome?
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an increase of sex hormones due to alteration of enzymes requried to produce mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids
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What is produced in the zona glomerulosa?
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aldosterone
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What is produced in the zona fasiculata?
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Cortisol
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What is made in the zona reticularis?
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Sex hormones
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What do mineralcorticoids regulate?
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sodium, potassium, and water balance
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What do glucocorticoids do?
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They are anti-inflammatory, decrease antibody production
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What do the gonadocorticoids do?
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Supplement the sex hormones from the gonads
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What type of cells in the adrenal medulla secrete catecholamines, epinephrine, and norepinephrine?
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Chromaffin cells
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What do T4 and T5 regulate?
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Development, frowth, and metabolism.
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What type of cells in the thyroid gland synthesize T3 and T4?
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Principle cells
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What is cretinism?
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Lack of T3 and T4 in infants
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What is myxedema?
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lack of T3 and T4 in adults
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What is a goiter?
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Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to insufficient iodine intake
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What it graves disease?
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Hypersecretion of T3 and T4.
bulging eyes |
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What type of cells synthesize calcitonin?
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Perifollicular cells
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99% of the calcium in the body is in what form?
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crystalline (bone, teeth)
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of the 1% of the calcium in the body that is not in crystalline form, how much is located inside the cells of the body and how much in the interstitial fluid & plasma?
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.9% is in the cells of the body
.1% is in the extracellular fluid |
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What does calcitonin do?
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Lowers the blood calcium levels by:
Decreasing bone resoprtion and inhibiting osteoclasts stimulating urinary excretion of calcium and phosphate |
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True or false
Parathyroid hormone is essential for life |
True, without it death occurs in about 3 days
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What does parathyroid hormone do?
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Increases blood calcium
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how does parathyroid hormone increase blood calcium?
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Stimulates osteoclasts
stimulates kidneys to reabsorb calcium filtrate Promotes 1,25 dhd3 |
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What is hyperparathyroidism?
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caused by a tumor in the parathyroid gland
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What is hypoparathyroidism?
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caused by removal of parathyroids during thyroid surgery
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True or False
the pancreas is a mixed gland containing both exocrine and endocrine functions |
True
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What portion of the pancreas is exocrine?
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secretion of pancreatic juices
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What portion of the pancreas is endocrine?
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Islets of langerhans
Alpha cells - glucagon Beta cells - insulin |
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What does glucagon do?
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elevates blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis
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What does insulin do?
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decreases blood glucose levels by promoting cell uptake of glucose and by stimulating glycolysis
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What are the two types of diabetes?
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Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes insipidus |
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What is diabetes mellitus?
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insulin deficiency
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What is diabetes insipidus
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Lack of ADH from posterior pituitary
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