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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine System
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The cells and tissues of teh body that secrete hormones
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Hormone
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a chemical secreted by a cell or group of cells into the blood for transport to a distant target where it exerts its effect at very low concentration
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Autocrine
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a local chemical signal that acts on the cell that secreted it.
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Paracrine
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a chemical secreted by a cell that acts on cells in the immediate vicinity.
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Functions of the Endocrine System
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Electrolyte and water metabolism.
Uterine concentration and milk release. Growth, metabolism and tissue maturation. Heart rate and blood pressure regulation Blood glucose controlImmune system regulation Reproductive function control. Pain, emotion, temp. are inputted into this system |
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Sources of body hormone
Hypothalamus Anterior pituitary Poster pituitry Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Thyroid Parathyroid Pancratic islet cless Kidneys, ovaries and testies. |
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary Poster pituitry Adrenal cortex Adrenal medulla Thyroid Parathyroid Pancratic islet cless Kidneys, ovaries and testies. |
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Amines and amino acids
Peptides, polypeptides, glucoproteins, proteins Steroids-Lipid soluable, do not need receptor to cross cell membrane Fatty acid derivatives |
Stuctural classification
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Peptide
Protein Hormone Steroid Thryroid |
Free unbound molecules include
Attach to transport carries include |
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receptor
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Function is to recoginize a specific hormone and translate the hormone signal into a cellular response
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Surface receptors
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Second Messengers
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Intracellular receptors
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Travel to the cell nucleus
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Positive Feedback
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The reponse reinforces the stimulus rather than decreasing it or removing it.
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Negative Feedback
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A pathway where the response opposes or removes the signal
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functional
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secreting pitutiaty hormone
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Coordinating center of the brain ofr endocrine, behavior, and autonomic nervous system
Controls the release of inhibiiton of pituitary hormones Thyrotropin relase Hormone TRH Growth Hormone GhRH GnRH |
Hypothalamus functions:
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Master gland
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Hormone control metabolism, growth, and reproduction
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Blood test
Urine Simulation-when hypofunction is suspected Supression-if a negative feedack control mechanisms are intact Genetic Test Imaging |
Diagnostic Test for Endorcine System
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Hypofunction
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Do not have enough hormone release
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Hypofunction can be caused by
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congenital defects
destruction of gland receptor deficits aging drug therapy |
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Hyperfunction
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Excessive hormone function
increase stimulation, hyperplasia, tumor |
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Classification fo Pituitary tumors
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Primary,
Secondary, Funtional, and nonfunctional |
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Secondary pituitary tumors
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Metastic lesions
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Functional Tumors
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Secrete pituitary hormones
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Nonfunctional Tumors
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do not secrete hormones
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Hypopituitarism
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Found in the anterior pituitary. A decrease secetion of pituitary hormones
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Symptoms of anterior pituitary
(hypopitutarism) |
Weakeness, fatigue, loss of appetite, impairment of sexual function, cold intolerance
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Hypoptuitarism signs
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ACTH defiancy most serious, weakness, nausea, anorexia, fever, postural hypotension
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Diabetes insipidus
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A deficiancy or a decreased response to ADH which occurs in the Posterior pituitary gland
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Symptoms of Diabetes insipidus
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Excessive thirst, excessive urination at night, dehydration, constipation, muscle weakness.
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Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secreation (SIADH)
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Failure of negative feedback system that regulates the release fo inhibition of ADH.
Causes mark water retention and dilutional hyponatremia.(not enough sodium) |
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Somatotropin
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Growth hormone
Necessary for growth and contriues to the regulation of metabolic function Linear bone growth in children Stimulates cells to increase in size and divide more rapidly Increases the use of fatty acids for fuel Maintains or increases blood glucose level Increases the rate of protein synthesis. |
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deficiancy in growth hormones can lead to
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Children: short stature
Adults: cardiovascular mortality. Can be present in childhood or developed during adulthood |
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Giantisim
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Excessive growth (usually in children
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Agromegaly
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Characterized by lenghtly of the jaw, coarsening of facial features, and growth of hands and feet
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Thyroid gland
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lies across the trachea just below the larynx
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C cells
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Throyid gland that secrete calcitonin (regulates calcium levels)
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Follicle cells
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Throyid gland that secrete thyroid hormone T3 and T4
Increase metabolism and protein syntheis Necessary for growth and develpment in children |
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Hypothyrodism
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Underactivity of thyroid gland. Gland is not proudcing enough thyroid hormone
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Hypothrodism Symptoms
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-weakness and fatigue
-weight gain -loss of appetite -Rough and dry skin -Impaired memory -Menorrhagia |
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Hypothrodism Treatments
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Synthetic thyroid hormone
Synthroid, levoxy; |
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Implications for therapy (hypothyrodism)
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Skin breakdown
Cardiovasculary complications Activity intolerace and weakness Safety due to memory impairments |
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Diabetes mellitus
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Disordered metabolism and inappropriately high glucose levels
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Diabetes Mellitus Characteristics
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Hyperglycemia (too much glucose)
Disruption of the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins Damage to blood vessesl, eyes, kidneys and nervous system |
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Diabetes Mellitus results from
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defects in secretion of insulin action of insulin or both
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Type 1 DM Characteristics
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Insulin Dependent
Deficency of insulin production and secretion Most commonly an autoimmunce disease involving destruction beta cells of the pancreas Genectic and environmental factors: Certain HLA antigens on specific chromosomes Prone to ketoacidois and other autoimmune disorders (graves disease) Requires exogenous insulin to maintain life |
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Type 2 DM characteristics
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Insulin resistant
Normal or elevated insulin levels Insulin receptor resistance |
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Risk Factors of Type 2 DM
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Age, obesity, low cariorespitory fitness
Lack of excersise. Controlled with diet, excersise, hypoglycemic agens |
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Gestational Diabetes
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No previous history of DM
Hormones from the placenta blocks the action of the mother's insulin in the body Insulin resitant Glucose builds up in the bloodstream |
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Clinical Manifestations of DM
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Athersclerosis
CVA Infection Retinopathy Nepohropathy Musculoskeletal Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Dupuytren's contracture-tough skin tissue around skin of palm and fingers, causes finger to curl Neuropathy- Loss of sensation Risk for ulcers |
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Implications for therapy for DM
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Excersise
Neuropathy Skin Care Foot Care Careful monitoring of glucose levels, no excersise is greater than 250 Be aware of insulin injection sites |
