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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine System General |
Control and integrate body function to maintain homeostasis
Synthesize and release chemical messengers
Effects are SLOWER and more sustained than Nervous System |
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Endocrine glands |
DUCTLESS
Secretion is directly into the bloodstream |
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Exocrine Glands |
Secrete to outside through ducts
(e.g. sweat glands, digestive glands) |
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Pancreas |
The only gland that has BOTH endocrine AND exocrine functions |
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Main governing factor of Endocrine Feedback Control |
Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis |
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Hypothalamic Pituitary Axis |
Hypothalamus -> Anterior Pituitary
Anterior Pituitary -> Target Gland
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Anterior Pituitary |
Stimulates other Adrenal Glands
Hypothalamic nerve cells secrete CRF (corticotrophin releasing factor) into blood vessels serving ant. pituitary for stimulation |
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Anterior Pituitary Secretions |
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic hormone) FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) GH (Growth Hormone) LH (Lutenizing Hormone) Prolactin TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
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Posterior Pituitary Secretions |
Oxytocin Vasopressin
Stimulated by nerves directly from hypothalamus |
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Pituitary - Growth Hormone Excess |
Gigantism - if excess hormone happens BEFORE you stopped growing in puberty
Acromegaly - if excess hormone happens AFTER you stopped growing |
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Risks of Long term exposure to elevated Growth Hormone |
Arthropathy Neuropathy Diabetes Mellitus (GH is insulin antagonist) Cardiomyopathy Hypertension Upper Airway Obstruction Malignancy (increased cancer risk) |
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Hypopituitarism Causes |
Hypophysectomy (removal of pituitary)
Post Partum Hemorrhage (Sheehan's Syndrome) |
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Hypopituitarism Outcomes |
Hormone Deficiencies:
Trophic Hormones (ACTH, FSH, LH, TSH) Growth Hormone Prolactin Post. Pituitary hormones - oxytocin, vasopressin |
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Prolactinoma |
Pituitary tumor producing excessive prolactin
Creates breasts in men, unnecessary lactation in women |
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Vasopressin (ADH) Issues - Deficiency |
Deficiency = Diabetes Insipidus - Polyuria, polydipsia - Profound dehydration - Trauma an important cause - Treated with ADH replacement |
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Vasopressin ADH issues - Excess |
Excess = SIADH Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion
- Fluid retention, water excess, Na+ dilution - Low Na causes headache, lethargy, muscle cramps - Many causative Factors - Treatment involves water restriction |
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#1 Cause for Hypothyroidism worldwide vs.
#1 cause for Hypothyroidism in US |
Iodine Deficiency (worldwide)
Autoimmune Thyroiditis (US) - affects women 10x more than men (aka. Hashimoto's) |
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HYPERthyroidism |
Graves' Disease
Primary cause - Cells not kept in check by TSH Secondary cause - overproduction of TSH (rare) |
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Graves' Disease Symptoms |
Lid Lag Sweating Neurotic Anxiety, Fine Tremor (paper test) Brisk Reflexes Low LDL Diarrhea Weight loss despite increased appetite Atrial Fibrillation |
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HYPOthyroidism Symptoms |
Slowing of mind and body Weak heartbeat Constipation Slow Reflexes Hair thinning Depression/Schizophrenia/Irritability Big tongue, croaky voice |
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Cretinism |
Congenital Hypothyroidism
Severely stunted physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital thyroid hormone deficiency (usually from maternal hypothyroidism) |
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Goiter |
Enlargement of thyroid gland Often Asymmetric
Implies underlying disruption in homeostasis between thryoid and pituitary
In most cases the pt. is actually hypothyroid in nature |
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Parathyroid Glands |
PTH Secretion
PTH regulates calcium and phosphorous with inverse relationship
Effects all electrically active tissue in the body by association with calcium |
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Hyperparathyroidism - Increased calcium level, low phosphate level |
"Bones, Moans, Groans, and Stones"
Bones - Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica - increase fx risk Moans - lethargy, unwillingness to move Groans - Constipation Stones - Increased prevalence of kidney stones
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Hypercalcemia |
Mild - asymptomatic, polyuria/polydipsia (<11.5 mg/dL)
Moderate - Nausea, constipation, fatigue, weakness, shorter QT interval (11.5-14.0 mg/dL)
Severe - vomiting, dehydration, lethargy, coma (>14.0 mg/dL)
Chronic - osteopenia, kidney stones, renal failure |
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HYPOparathyroidism |
Hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia - Prolonged QT inteval
Tetany - extreme neuromuscular irritability
Chvostek's Sign, Trousseau's Sign
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Chvostek's Sign |
tapping side of face makes ipsilateral muscles twitch |
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Trousseau's Sign |
Rigid Extension of fingers, flexion of wrist |
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Adrenal Insufficiency - Causes |
Adrenal Gland failure - Increased ACTH
Pituitary Failure - Decreased ACTH
CAN BE LIFE THREATENING |
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Adrenal Insufficiency Signs |
Weight Loss Hyperpigmentation Hypotension |
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Adrenocortico Excess - Cushing's Syndrome |
ACTH Excess
Sx/Sy: Central Obesity, Moon Face, Buffalo Hump, Abdominal Striae, Osteoporosis Fractures, Diabetes symptoms, HTN, Edema |
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Primary Hyperaldosteronism |
Conn's Syndrome - Usually caused by a benign aldosterone-secreting tumor in the adrenal cortex.
Sx/Sy: HTN, Hypernatremia, Hypokalemia, low plasma renin |
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Secondary Hyperaldosteronism |
Caused by something that stimulates the adrenal gland to produce aldosterone
CHF, Cirrhosis, High renin levels |
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Diabetes |
Type 1 - Absolute Insulin Deficiency
Type 2- Peripheral insulin resistance
Gestational - any glucose intolerance during pregnancy |
