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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine vs Nervous systems
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Nv: Fast response
Short lived actions End: Generally slow Generally premanent changes both work closely together |
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Endocrinology
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the study of chemical messengers released from cells into the surrounding tissues adn fluids
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Functions of the endocrine system
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1 control total body metabolism
2 controll growth and develpoment 3 controll and coordinate the functions fo reproductive organs |
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Hormone
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Chemical messenders released itnto the tissue fluids
circulating / local Lipid / water Neural / non neural |
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Circulating hormones
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enter bd and cause changes in target at a distace.
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Local hormone
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exert affect locally
autocrine paracrine |
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autocrine
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hmn that exerts effect on cells that made them
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Paracrine
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hmn that exerts effect on C nearby
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Lipid souluble Hormones
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enter through plasma membrane, bind to receptors in cytoplasm and are transported to nucleus, attach to DNA and change Cell function
steroid thyroid nitrous oxide |
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Water soluble hormones
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bind on the membrane surface
amines peptide and protein prostglandins, etc |
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Steroid hormones
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Lipid soluble hmn
derived from cholesterol Estrogen, testosterone |
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Thyroid hormones
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Amines
from thyroid |
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Amines
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Hmn derived from amino acids and iodine
my or may not be water soluble Thyroid hmns, epinephrine, norepeinephrine, Dopamine |
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Peptide and Protein hormones
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water soluble
TSH, Insulin |
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Prostaglandins
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small lipid-type hmns
produced by all body tissues local hmns bind on Cell surface so called water soluble (not fat soluble) |
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Neurohormones
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produced by nerve cells
circulating hmns Adrenaline, noradrenaline, Oxytocin, ADH |
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Target Cells
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have protine receptors for that particular hmn and respond to it
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Protein receptors
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for specific hmn
Cell membrane or in cytoplasm |
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Non-Target Cells
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do NOT have protein receptors for that hmn
no response to it |
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Negative feedback
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increased presence of a hmn causes slow down in production
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Positive Feedback Systems
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Presence of hmn causes increase in production of stimulating hmn
Child birth, orgasm |
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Hypothalamus
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in base of diencephalon of brain secretes neurohmn
release either Post. pituitary (to bd) or Ant. pituitary First level of hormonal controll releasing or inhibitory hmns |
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Hypophyseal portal system
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transports hmns from Hypothalamus to anterior Pituitary
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Levels of hormonal controll in endocrine system
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first - Hypothalamus
second - ant. pituitary third - target glands for Pituitary |
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Releasing hormone
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stimulates the release of another hmn
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Inhibiting Hormone
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inhibits the release of another hormone
esp. Ant. Pituitary |
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TRH
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Thyrotropin releasing Hmn
Ant. Pit. Release TSH |
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CRH
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Corticotropin Releasing Hmn
Ant. Pit. release ACTH |
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GHRH
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Growth Hmn REleasing Hmn
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GHIH
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Dont worry about this one.
Growth Hmn Inhibiting Hmn |
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GnRH
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Gonatropin REleasing Hmn
Ant. Pit. Release FSH adn LH |
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PRH
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Prolactin REleaseing Hmn
Ant. Pit. Release prolactin |
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PIH
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Don't Worry About this one.
Prolactin Inhibiting Hmn. Dopamine |
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Posterior Pituitary
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Neurohypophysis
just release hmn... not make... into cap. Vasopressin Oxytocin |
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Vasopressin
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ADH
released by post. Pit. |
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Oxytocin
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OT
REleased into Post. Pit. 1-promotes Milk let down 2-stim uterine contract |
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ACTH
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Adrenocoticotropic Hmn
Adrenal cortex Stim release of Cortisol |
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TSH
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Thyroid Stim. Hmn.
thyroid Stim f(x) and growth of thyroid |
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FSH
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Follicle Stim. Hmn.
Gonads Stim gonad development |
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FSH in Female
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follicle development and it's release of estrogen and progesterone
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FSH in Male
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Spermatogenisis in seminiferous tubules
formation of ABP in sertoli Cells |
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LH
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Lutenizing hormone
Fem: Stim.Ovulation and release of Progesterone and estrogen from Corpus Luteum Ma: Promotes Testosterone prod. by leydig Cells |
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Prolactin
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PRL
Fe: Promote mamary gland develpoment during pregnancy and milk production after Ma:amplifies LH not there sterile |
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Growth Hormone
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Promotes general growth in bod.
stim release of Somatomedin |
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Somatomedin
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causes bone elongations @ epiphysial Plates
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Gigantism
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excess GH in growing hs.
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Acromegaly
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excess GH in adults
Continued growth of body tissues without length to bn |
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Pituitary Dwarfism
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GH deficit during growth years
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Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone
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Embryo: promotes development of melanin in skin, eyes and brain
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Thyroid Gland
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both sides of trachea with an isthmus
Follicles and Parafollicular Cells |
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Follicles of Thyroid Gland
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make T3 and T4 from Tyrosine
Secrete is due to TSH |
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Prarfollicular Cells of Thyroid
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produce & secrete Calcitonin
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Tyrosine
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a.a. used to make thyroid hmns.
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Calcitonin
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Causes Ca++ to be deposited in bn
decrease bd level of Ca++ |
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Triiodithyronine
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Active form of Thyroid Hmn
T3 |
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Thyroxine
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T4
converted to T3 in body of Cells |
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Thyroblobulin
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(colloid)
prot molec. stores T3 and T4 Whe TSH stim thyroid, more is made while the stored is broken down and released into bd |
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Colloid
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Stored T3 and T4 in center of follicles
Thyroglobulin |
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Iodine
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required to make T3 and T4
# indicates how many I atoms in the molec. |
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Function of THyroid Hormones
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increase Cell metabolism
Formation of bn in epiphyseal plates Stim GH secretion Nv sys development in embryo etc |
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Hypothyroidism
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decreased thyroid function
endemic goiter Hashimoto's THyroiditis Myxedema Cretinism |
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Endemic Goiter
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Iodine deficency
can't make T3 and T4 Keeps being stim more and more so goiter |
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Goiter
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enlarged Thyroid Gland
swelling in neck treat w/ iodine supplements |
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Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
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most common in US
Autoimmune disorder Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies Goiter treat w/ Thy. hmn supplements |
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Anti-thyroglobulin antibodies
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Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
block release of T3 and T4 |
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Myxedema
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prolonged hypothoroidism
overweight puffy face low metabolism and move slow don't tolerate cold |
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Cretinism
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Hypothyroidism in embryo and baby
mental retardation stunted growth premanent |
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Hyperthyroidism
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overactive thyroid
Grave's disease |
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Grave's Disease
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Hyperthyroid
autoimmune - TSAb excessive T3 and T4 exophthalamos underweight hyperactivity High meatbolic rate goiter maybe |
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Thyroid Stimulating Antibodies
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TSAb
mimic action of TSH but no feedback controll |
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Adrenal Glands
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Suprarenal glands
Medulla and cortex |
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Adrenal medulla
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middle of glands
Modified sympathetic ganglion norepinephrine and epinephrine fight/flight response, pnic attacks |
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine
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prepare us for short term emergencies
inc. hr, bp, br dec. digestion |
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Adrenal Cortex
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outer layer
Zona glomerulosa, Z. Fasiculata, Z. Reticularis |
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Zona Glomerulosa
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Outer layer Adrenal cortex
Secretes Aldosterone |
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Aldosterone
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controlls Na+ and K+ balance in bd
Mineralocorticoid (major one in bd) |
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Mineralocorticoid
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Any of a group of steroid hormones that are secreted by the adrenal cortex and regulate the balance of water and electrolytes in the body
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Zona Fasciculata
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Middle layer of Adrenal Cortex
Secretes Cortisol from stim by ACTH |
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Cortisol
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Stim by ACTH from post. Pit.
Long term stress hmn Maintains bd glucose level for energy during stress |
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Zona Reticularis
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Inner layer adrenal cortex
Secretes Testosterone Primary source in Fe. |
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Disorders of Adrenal Cortex
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Cushing's Syndrome
Addison's Disease Adrenogenital syndrome |
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Cushings Syndrome
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Over secretion of Adrenocortical hormones (esp. Cortisol) usually due to a tumor
Spindly legs Buffalo hump on upper back Pendulous abdomen poor wound healing |
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Addison's Disease
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Undersecretion of Adrenocortical hmn
Decreased Na+ and increasesd K+ in bd Decreased cardiac output Cardiac arrhythmias Mental sluggishness |
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Adrenogenital Syndrome (and related disorders)
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Overproduction of Testosterone
no affect in adult males |
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Overproduction of Testosterone in male children
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Precocious Puberty
premature development of secondary male characteristics |
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Overproduction of Testosterone in female adults
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Masculinization
Develop beard and changes in hair and body fat placement |
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Overproduction of Testosterone In Female children
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Masculinization
enlarged Clitoris to resemble a penis Other male characteeristics |
