Endocrine System

Front 1

Glands that secrete their products into ducts that carry the secretions into body cavities, into lumen of an organ, or to the outer surface of the body.

Back 1

Exocrine Glands

Front 2

Glands that secrete their products (hormones) into the interstitial fluid surrounding the secretory cells, rather than into ducts. The secretion then diffuses into capillaries and is carried away by the blood stream.

Back 2

Endocrine Glands

Front 3

Small region of the brain, inferior to the thalamus, is the major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems.

Back 3

Hypothalamus

Front 4

A pea-shaped structure that lies in the sella turcica of the spehoid bone and attaches to the hypothalamus.

Back 4

Pituitary Gland

Front 5

Name the stalk that connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Back 5

Infundibulum

Front 6

The pituitary gland has two anatomically and functionally separate portions. The _______ _______ _______ acounts for about 75% fo the total weight of the gland. It develops from an outgrowth of ectoderm called the hypophyseal pouch in the roof of the mouth. The ______ ______ ______ also develops from an ectodermal outgrowth, this one is called the neurohypophyseal bud.

Back 6

Anterior Pituitary Gland
Posterior pituitary Gland

Front 7

Which Portion of the pituitary is larger and developes from an outgrowth called the hypophyseal pouch

Back 7

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Front 8

Which Portion of the pituitary is smaller and develops from the outgrowth called the neurohypophyseal bud

Back 8

Posterior Pituitary Gland

Front 9

The posterior pituitary gland contains axons and axon terminals of more than 10,000 neurons whose cell bodies are located in the ________ and __________ nuclei of the hypothalamus

Back 9

Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei

Front 10

Where are the Supraoptic and Paraventricular nuclei located?

Back 10

Hypothalamus

Front 11

The axon terminals in the posterior pituitary gland are associated with specialized neuroglia called _________

Back 11

Pituicytes

Front 12

A third region of the pituitary called the ____ _______, atrophies during fetal development and ceases to exist as a separate lobe in adults

Back 12

Pars intermedia

Front 13

The anterior pituitary gland could also be called

Back 13

adenohypophysis

Front 14

Release of anterior pituitary gland hormones is stimulated by _______ ________ and suppressed by _______ _________ from the hypothalamus.

Back 14

releasing hormones
inhibiting hormones

Front 15

Hypothalamic hormones reach the anterior pituitary gland through a portal system. A portal system carries blood between two capillary networks without passing through the heart. This is the __________ portal system

Back 15

Hypophyseal

Front 16

In the hypophyseal portal system blood flows from the median eminence of the hypothalamus into the infundibulum and anterior pituitary gland principally through several _______ _______ _______

Back 16

Superior hypophyseal arteries

Front 17

These arteries are branches of the internal carotid and posterior communicating arteries. The superior hypophyseal arteries form the _______ _______ of the hypophyseal portal system, a capillary network at the base of the hypothalamus

Back 17

Primary plexus

Front 18

Near the median eminence and above the optic chiasm are two groups of specialized neurons, called __________ cells, that secrete hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones into the primary plexus.

Back 18

Neurosecretory cells

Front 19

From the primary plexus, blood drains into the hypophyseal portal ______ that pass down the outside of the infundibulum.

Back 19

Veins

Front 20

In the anterior pituitary gland, the hypophyseal portal veins redivide into another capillary network call the _______ ________ of the hypophyseal portal system.

Back 20

Secondary plexus

Front 21

The posterior pituitary gland is also known as:

Back 21

Neurohypophysis

Front 22

The posterior pituitary gland does not synthesize hormones; it does store and release two hormones called;

Back 22

oxytocin; oxytoc=quick birth
antidiuretic hormone ADH or also called vasopressin

Front 23

The posterior consists of ________ and ______ terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory cells

Back 23

pituicytes and axon

Front 24

Blood is supplied to the posterior gland by the _______ ________ arteries, which branch from the internal carotid arteries

Back 24

Inferior hypophyseal

Front 25

In the posterior pituitary gland, the inferior hypophyseal arteries drain into the ________ plexus of the __________ process, a capillary network that receives secreted oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone.

Back 25

Capillary
Infundibular

Front 26

From the capillary plexus, hormones pass into the posterior _________ ______ for distribution to target cells in other tissue

Back 26

hypophyseal veins

Front 27

The butterfly-shaped ______ ______ is located just inferior to the larynx

Back 27

Thyroid gland

Front 28

The right and left lateral lobes lie one on either side of the trachea. Connecting the lobes is a mass of tissue called an;

Back 28

Isthmus

Front 29

Microscopic spherical sacs called _______ _______ make up most of the thyroid gland

Back 29

Thyroid follicles

Front 30

The wall of each follicle consists primarily of cells called _______ _____, most of which extend to the lumen (internal space) of the follicle.

Back 30

Follicular cells

Front 31

When the follicular cells are inactive their shape is ____ ______ to ________, but under the influence of TSH they become cuboidal or low columnar

Back 31

low cuboidal to squamous

Front 32

The main blood supply of the thyroid gland is from the ________ ________ artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, and the inferior _______ ______, a branch of the thyrocervical trunk from the subclavian artery.

Back 32

Superior Thyroid
Thyroid artery

Front 33

The thyroid gland is drained by the superior and middle ________ ______, which join the __________ veins or internal jugular veins.

Back 33

Thyroid veins
brachiocephalic

Front 34

The nerve supply of the thyroid gland consists of ________ fibers from the superior and middle ______ ________ ________.

Back 34

Postganlionic
cervical sympathetic ganglia

Front 35

Preganglionic fibers from the ganglia are derived from the _____ through _____ thoracic segments fo the spinal cord.

Back 35

second; seventh

Front 36

Attached to the posterior of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland are small, round masses of tissue called the;

Back 36

parathyroid glands

Front 37

Microscopically, the parathyroids contain two kinds of epithelial cells. The more numerous cells, called _______ _______ are the major sourcd of the parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 37

principal cells

Front 38

The parathyroids are abundantly supplied with blood from branches of the _______ and ________ thyroid arteries.

Back 38

superior and inferior

Front 39

Blood is drained by the ______, ______ and _______ thyroid veins

Back 39

superior, middle, inferior

Front 40

The nerve supply of the parathyroids is derived from the thyroid branches of the ________ ________ ________.

Back 40

cervical sympathetic ganglia

Front 41

The paired ______ (suprarenal) glands, one of which lies superior to each kidney, have a flattened pyramidal shape.

Back 41

Adrenal

Front 42

During embryonic development, the adrenal glands differntiate into two structurall and functionally distinct regions: A large, peripherally located _______ _______, which represents 80 to 90% of the gland by weight develops from mesoderm; a small, centrally located _______ ______ develops from ectoderm.

Back 42

adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla

Front 43

The adrenal cortex is subdivided into three zones; the outer zone, just deep to the connective tissue capsule si called the _____ _______. The middle zone or _____ _______ , is the widest of the three zones and consists of cells arranged in long straight cords. The cells of the inner zone, the ____ ________ are arranged in branching cords

Back 43

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

Front 44

The adrenal medulla consists of hormone producing cells, called _____ ____, which surround large blood vessels.

Back 44

Chromafin cells

Front 45

Chromaffin cells receive direct innervation from neurons of the _________ division . Because the ANS controls the chromaffin cells directly, hormone release can occur very quickly

Back 45

Sympathetic

Front 46

The main arteries that supply the adrenal glands are the several superior ________ arteries arising from the inferior _______ artery, the middle _______ artery from the aorta, and the inferior _______ arteries from the renal arteries.

Back 46

Suprarenal
phrenic
suprarenal
suprarenal

Front 47

The principal nerve supply to the adrenal glands is from preganglionic fibers from the _______ ________ nerves, which pass though the celiac and associated sympathetic plexuses.

Back 47

Thoracic splanchnic

Front 48

The ______ is both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland

Back 48

pancreas

Front 49

It is located posterior and slightly inferior to the stomach and consists of a head, body and tail. Roughly 99% of the pancreatic cells are arranged in clusters called ________; these cell produce digetive enaymes.

Back 49

acini

Front 50

Scattered among the exocrine acini are 1-2 million tiny clusters of endocrine tissue called _______ ______ or islets of ________

Back 50

Pancreatic islets
Langerhans

Front 51

The arterial supply of the pancreas is from the superior and inferior _______________ arteries and from the _______ and superior __________ arteries.

Back 51

pancreaticoduodenal
splenic
mesenteric

Front 52

The nerves to the pancreas are autonomic nerves derived from the _____ and superior _______ plexuses. Included are the preganglionic ______, postganglionic _______ and sensory fibers

Back 52

celiac
mesenteric
vagal
sympathetic

Front 53

The sympathetic fibers that enter the is lets are ________ and are accompanied by sensory fibers, especially for pain.

Back 53

vasomotor

Front 54

Develops from the foregut area that later becomes part of the small intestine.

Back 54

Pancreas

Front 55

Derived from the roof of the stomodeum (mouth) called the hypophyseal (Rathke's) pouch

Back 55

Anterior pituitary gland

Front 56

Originates from the neural crest, which also produces sympathetic ganglia

Back 56

Adrenal medulla

Front 57

Derived from tissue from the same region that forms gonads

Back 57

Adrenal cortex

Front 58

Arise from the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches (two answers)

Back 58

Parathyroid glands and thymus

Front 59

arises from the ectoderm of the diencephalon

Back 59

Pineal gland

Front 60

T or F
The secretory portion of the posterior pituitary gland is the axons of neurosecretory cells; the secretory portion of the anterior pituitary gland is glandular epithelium.

Back 60

T