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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is paracrine action?
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Paracrine action are hormones that never enters the bloodstream; it acts locally on cells that are in close proximity
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What is autocrine action?
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Autocrine action are hormones that never enter bloodstream; it acts on the cells that produce them
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Give examples of what may cause the alteration of a hormone receptor site
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An antibody attaches to the receptor site, if the cell is activated excessively, the cell will decrease the number of receptors on the cell site (down regulation), the cells create more receptor sites on the cell (up regulation)
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What is diurnal fluctuation?
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is day, night, sleep cycle
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What are cyclic fluctuation?
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is periods of time that hormones varies (menstrual, pregnancy)
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What is the master gland?
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Pituitary
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The synthesis and release of anterior pituitary hormones are largely regulated by the action of the what?
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hypothalamus
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What is negative feedback?
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(most common) increasing level of a hormone stops the stimulation of that hormone
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What is positive feedback?
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is a circumstance when an increase in a hormone level causes an increase in other hormone levels
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What is hypofunction?
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deficient hormone production
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What are the possible causes of hypofunction?
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congenital defects, infection, inflammation, autoimmune disease, neoplasms, altered blood flow to gland, aging, atrophy secondary to drug therapy, defective receptor sites
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What is hyperfunction?
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excessive hormone production
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What are the possible causes of hyperfunction?
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hyperplasia of gland, tumor, autoimmune disorders, cancers
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What are the 6 anterior pituitary hormones?
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Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone,
thyroid stimulating hormone, prolactin e growth hormones |
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What is hypopituitarism?
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is decreased secretion of pituitary
hormones |
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What are the causes of hypopituitarism?
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congenital or acquired
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What deficiency is most serious deficiency with hypopituitarism?
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Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
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What is the second most serious deficiency with hypopituitarism?
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Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
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What are the hormones are essential for normal growth and development?
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growth hormone
insulin thyroid hormone androgens |
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Deficiency of what can lead to a person been short?
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Somatotropin hormone
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Growth hormone contributes to the growth of what?
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growth hormones contributes to the growth of epiphyseal plates in long bones
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Growth hormones secretion is stimulated by what 5 things?
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Growth hormone secretion is stimulated by hypoglycemia. fasting, starvation, stress and exercise
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What is panhypopituitarism?
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is deficiency of all anterior pituitarism
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What is gigantism?
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is growth excess before puberty and it is very rare
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What is Acromegaly?
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is excess amounts of growth hormones after puberty
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What is the most common cause of acromegaly?
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adenoma
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What is there enlargement of with Acromegaly?
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there is an enlargement of small bones in hands and feet, small tissues (pronounced nose, brow and pronounced jaw) with acromegaly
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What is isosexual precocious puberty?
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isosexual precocious puberty is premature sexual development in 6-7 years old girl and 9 yr old boy
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What are the causes of isosexual precocious puberty?
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The causes of isosexual precocious puberty are idiopathic, gonadal, adrenal, hypothalamic disease, CNS tumors (malignant or benign)
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What controls release of thyroid stimulating hormone which promotes release of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland?
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Thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) controls the release of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which promotes the release of thyroid hormone (TH) from the thyroid gland
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Increase levels of thyroid hormone inhibit the secretion of what? Thus inhibiting the release of thyroid stimulating hormone?
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Increase levels of thyroid hormone inhibit the secretion of thyroid releasing hormone thus inhibiting the release of thyroid stimulating hormones
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What is a goiter?
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are abnormal growth of the thyroid (hyperplasia of the thyroid gland), it's present with any abnormality of the thyroid gland
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What is hypothyroidism?
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it is a deficiency of the thyroid hormones
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What is congenital hypothyroidism?
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is a baby born with low levels of circulating thyroid hormone
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What will happen to the baby with congenital hypothyroidism if left untreated?
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if congenital hypothyroidism is left untreated, it can lead to irreversible mental retardation known as cretinism
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What are the causes of acquired hypothyroidism (primary)?
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causes of acquired hypothyroidism (primary) are destruction/dysfunction of the thyroid gland, thyroidectemy, radiation, antithyroid medications and iodine deficiency
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What is Hasimoto's Thyroiditis?
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is autoimmune disorder that causes acquired hypothyroidism...there's an inflammation of the thyroid gland and the body attacks the thyroid gland like it is a foreign tissue
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What are the manifestations of acquired hypothyroidism (primary)?
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The manifestations of acquired hypothyroidism are decreased metabolic state, weakness/fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation, mental dullness, lethargy, and myxedematous coma
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What is hyperthyroidism?
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excessive thyroid hormone delivery to the tissues
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What are the causes of hyperthyroidism?
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the causes of hyperthyroidism are autoimmune disease, excess secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone from pituitary gland, neoplasms, excessive intake of thyroid medications
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What are the manifestations of hyperthyroidism?
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The manifestations of hyperthyroidism are increased metabolism, restlessness, diarrhea, weight loss, heat intolerance, and sweating
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What is Grave’s disease?
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is the most common type of hyperthyroidism, where the antibodies stimulate the thyroid hormone via thyroid stimulating hormone receptors
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What is thyroid storm?
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happens to people with hyperthyroidism, its a rare life threatening crisis precipitated by stress, and trauma manipulation
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What are the manifestations of thyroid storm?
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manifestations of thyroid storm are fever, tachycardia, heart failure, angina, agitation, restlessness, elevated temperature, hypertension, and extreme high blood pressure
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Adrenal cortex hormones are all synthesized from what?
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adrenal cortex hormones are all synthesized from cholesterol
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Cells of the adrenal cortex are stimulated by what from the anterior pituitary?
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cells of the adrenal cortex are stimulated by adrenocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) from the anterior pituitary
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What are glucocorticoids?
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(steroids) is essential for survival and it plays a role in stress, metabolism and inflammatory process
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Glucocorticoids have direct effects on what?
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have directs effects on carbohydrates, fat, protein metabolism
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Glucocorticoids increase what concentration by promoting stimulating glucose production?
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increases blood glucose concentration by promoting stimulating glucose production
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What is the most potent occurring glucocorticoids?
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cortsol
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What is the main regulator of cortisol secretion?
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Adrenocorticotropic hormoe (ACTH)
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What is aldosterone?
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is the mineralcorticoid secreted from the adrenal cortex
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What secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine?
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adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
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What causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia?
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autosomal recessive trait, deficiency in cortisol synthesis, and an increase in ACTH
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What may people with congenital adrenal hyperplasia have?
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they may have Na loss and enlarged genitalia
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What is Cushing’s syndrome?
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is when there's an overabundance of glucocorticoid in the body...there are excess amounts of circulating cortisol or ACTH
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What are the manifestations of Cushing’s syndrome? B.O.H.E.M.I.
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Buffalo hump
Obesity Hirsutism Emotional lability Moon face Increased susceptibility to infection |
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S.S.S.S are other manifestations of Cushing's syndrome, what do they stand for?
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Sex- there's a decrease in labido
Sugar- there's an increase in sugar Salt- there's an increase in salt Striae- there are stretch marks on the abdomen area |
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What is Addison’s disease?
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is rare disorder, there's a chronic deficiency of cortisol, aldosterone, and adrenal androgens
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What are the manifestations of Addison’s disease?
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Slow onset, hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, fluid volume loss, hyperpigmentation
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What is Addisonian crisis?
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is a life threatening response to acute adrenal insufficiency
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What are the primary symptoms of Addisonian's crisis?
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high fever, weakness, abdominal pain, severe hypotension, circulation collapse, shock, coma
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What is the treatment for Addisonian's crisis?
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rapid fluid replacement and glucocorticoids
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What do alpha cells detect?
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detects when blood glucose levels falls
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What is the purpose of alpha cells?
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the purpose of alpha cells is to protect us from hypoglycemia
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What does glucagon stimulate?
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The glucagon released from the alpha cells stimulate the liver to release stored glycogen into the bloodstream
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What is primary function of glucagon?
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is to increase blood glucose levels
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Beta cells are the site of what?
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the site of insulin secretion from the pancreas
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What is the purpose of insulin?
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the purpose of insulin is to drive glucose into the cells of our body so that glucose can be used as an energy source
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What is somatostatin (a delta cell)?
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is a delta cell that inhibits the production of both glucagon and insulin
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What help to maintain blood glucose levels during periods of stress by inhibiting insulin secretion and promoting glycogenolysis?
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catecholamines
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What is Type I diabetes mellitus?
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is juvenile onset diabetes caused by autoimmune reaction that destroys the beta cells
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With Type I diabetes the beta cell of pancreas no longer does what?
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the beta cells no longer produces insulin
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What are the risk factors for type I diabetes?
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the risk factors for type I diabetes are genetic predisposition, environmental elements and viral infection
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What is type II diabetes?
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there is insufficient insulin secretion or the insulin secreted is ineffective
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What are the risk factors for type II diabetes mellitus?
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risk factors are family history, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, race/ethnicity, hypotension, high cholesterol/ elevated lipid levels, and women with previous gestational diabetes
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What is gestational diabetes?
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is glucose intolerance during pregnancy that usually resolves after giving birth
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People with gestational diabetes have increased risk for developing what after delivery?
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people with gestational diabetes have increased risk for developing type II diabetes after delivery
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What are the manifestations of diabetes?
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polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, glycosuria, dry flushed skin, fruity breath, Kussmaul respirations, thirst, vision problems, fatigue, paresthesias,skin infection
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What does it mean when you give a fasting blood glucose test?
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it's when, without having breakfast, having blood drawn early in the morning
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What is diabetic ketoacidosis? (DKA)
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ketone production by the liver exceeds cellular use and renal use, occurs with type I diabetes
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What is hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome?
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hperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome occurs with type II diabetes with a serum osmolality of >340 and blood glucose of >600
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What is hypoglycemia?
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excess insulin in the bloodstream
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What are the manifestations of hypoglycemia?
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fatigue, cold, clammy, sweat, hunger, restlessness, tachycardia, cool and sweaty
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What is the Somogyi effect?
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combination of hypoglycemia during the night with a rebound morning rise in blood glucose (excessive rise)
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What is dawn phenomenon?
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a rise in blood glucose between 4AM & 8AM that is not a response to hypoglycemia
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