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104 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is endocrinology?
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It is the study of hormones and glands that make them.
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What is the purpose of the endocrine system? Is the nervous system involved in the functions?
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It is communication, coordination, and control. Yes.
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Can you give an exapmle of how the endocrine and nervous system work together?
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When baby begins nursing sensory nerves in mammary glans sends signal to the brain.
The pituitary gland responds by realeasing the hormone oxytocin which circulates the plasma. When it reaches the mammary glands, it stimulates it to let out its stored milk. |
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What is synthesis?
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It is an endocrine cell type that recieves a signal to make a specific hormone.
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What types of molecules are hormones?
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Protiens, Peptides, & Polypeptides are chains of amino acid and examples=gastrin, insulin, oxytocin, vasopressin, prolactin, calcitonin, melatonin, and tropins.
STEROIDS contain a group and examples= estrogen, testosterone, cortisone. AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES are the simplest group and examples= epinephrine, thyroxine. |
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What is Fatty acid derivatives?
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Eicosanoids
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What is storage?
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When edocrine cell stores a hormone until it recieves a signal from stimulating hormone to be released and once this happens the cell uses exocytosis to dump hormone into circulation.
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As in storage when hormone is stored as inactive precursor, what enzymes is it like?
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Its like the enzymes of digestion made by pancreas.
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What is action?
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When hormone ciculates freely in plasma until it comes into ncontact with its target tissue. The target tissue has receptors to bind with hormone.
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What are receptors refering to target cells?
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Receptors are protein molecules on cell membrane/within cell cytoplasm that bind to hormone.
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What is the target tissue and its receptors?
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Its the active control molecule as in the "hormone-recpetor complex."
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What do the glands of the endocrine system respond to?
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Both a stimulating hormone and a releasing hormone
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What is the target tissue and its receptors?
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Its the active control molecule as in the "hormone-recpetor complex."
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Where are the endorcine hormones made and why?
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In either the pituitary gland or hypothalamus in response to circulating hormone levels.
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What do the glands of the endocrine system respond to?
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Both a stimulating hormone and a releasing hormone
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Where are the endorcine hormones made and why?
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In either the pituitary gland or hypothalamus in response to circulating hormone levels.
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What happens if the level is high? What happens if the level is low? What is this called?
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If level is high the system makes less stimulating hormone and less realeasing hormone. If low the sytem makes more stimulating hormone and more releasing hormone.
Called the feedback loop. |
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What is a negative feedback? What is a positive feedback?
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Negative feedback= hormone turns off its production.
Positive feedback= hormone turns on its production. |
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What is hypothalamic control?
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It is a deep portion of the brain, it is not a gland but interacts with the endocrine system. Recieves info. from the releasing hormones that in turn stimulate pituatary gland to make its own hormones( many that are SH.)
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What is Pituitary control?
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Is a small gland just below the brainstem. Both pituitary gland and hypothalamus recieve feedback info. from ciculating hormone levels.
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Pituitary gland has how many lobes? What are the 2 names for the pituitary gland?
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Has 3 lobes. Hypophyseal gland and MASTER GLAND.
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What does the pituitary gland make most of?
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Makes most of the stimulating hormones.
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Endocrine glands are what?
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Ductless glands.
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What do the endocrine glands do?
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They secrete one or more hormones that relay vital messages to every region and organ oft he body.
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What are the stages of how the messages get secreted?
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Hormonal feedback begins and reports new life stages, then it alerts organs that its time for a vital function to start/stop.
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Do all glands affect eachother?
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Yes because they aren't totally independent.
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Of the glands and their hormonal control, what are the major physiological events?
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Digestion Metabolism
Gestation Growth Parturition Puberty Conception and Ovulation Aging Lactation |
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What hormone does the stomah secrete and what is its principal effect?
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Secretes gastrin and releases HCL from pancreas.
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What hormone does the duodenum secrete?
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Secretin that is
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What hormones does the Adrenal medulla secrete? Are they both catecholamines?
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Epinephrine which stimulates fight/flight.
Norepinephrine which causes vasodilation. Yes both catecholamines. |
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What hormone does the Adrenal cortex secrete?
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Glucocorticoids (cortisone) that stimulates CHOs from fats.
Mineralocorticoids that stimulates Na+ & H2O retention. Sex hormones that are secondary sex characteristics. |
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What hormone does the Thyroid secrete?
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Thyroxine T4 and Triiodothyronine which stimulate metabolism. T4 is made of 65% iodine.
Calcitonin that prevents excess Ca++. |
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What hormone does the Parathyroid secrete?
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Parathyroid hormone which regulates Ca++/PO4 levels.
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What hormone does the Thymus secrete?
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Thymosin that stimulates immunity.
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What hormone does the Testes secrete?
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Testosterone that stimulates male chracteristics and begins spermatogenesis.
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What hormone does the Ovaries secrete?
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Estrogen stimulates female charcteristics and begins oogenesis.
Progesterone that maintains pregnancy. |
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What hormone does the Hypothalamus secrete?
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releassing hormones that regulate secretion by the pituitary
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What hormone does the Post pituitary secrete?
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Oxytocin that contracts uterine muscles and stimulates milk let out.
Vasopressin ADH stimulates H2O resorption by kidney. |
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What hormone does the Intermediate lobe secrete?
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Melanocyte stimulating hormone that stimulates melanocytes to make melanin.
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What hormone does the Antereaior Pituitary secrete?
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Growth hormone=growth,
Prolactin=milk, Thyrotropic hormone=thyroid, Adrenocorticotropic=adrenal gland, Follicle-stimulating= gametogenesis, Luteinizing hormone= corpus luteum. |
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What hormone does the Pineal gland secrete?
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Melatonin that regulates gonadotropins.
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What hormone does the Kidneys secrete?
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Renin that stimulates angiotensin.
Erythropoieten stimulates RBC production. |
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What is the pituitary gland controlled by?
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By the hypothalamus.
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What three lobes does the pituitary gland consist of?
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The Anterior Lobe, Intermediate Lobe, and the Posterior Lobe..
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What hormones are int eh antetrior lobe?
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Growth hormone, prolactin, thyroxin, adrenocotricotropic hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone.
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What does the growth hormone do and what is it?
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Its a polypeptide for growth of bones and muscles. Encourages protien synthesis and retention. Increases blood sugar levels and in adults production slows down and play a role in carbs and fat metabolism.
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What causes dwarfanism? What causes gigantism?
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Dwarfinsm= hyposecretion of pit. gland og growth hormone.
Gigantism= hypersecretion of it. |
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What is prolactin and what does it do?
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Polypeptide and it initiates and maintains milk secretion. Stimulates by suckling.
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What is Thyroid stimulating hormone and what does it do?
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Polypeptide and it acts as synergitically by stimulating thyroid gland to release thyroxin and triiodothyronin.
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What causes Goiter?
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secretion of TSH causes goiter which is swelling of the neck and ankles due to lack of iodine.
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What is adrenocoritcotropic hormone and what does it do?
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Its a hormone thats timulates trhe adrenal cortex.
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What causes chushings dx?
What causes addisons dx? |
Cushings dx caused by hyperadrenocorticism.
Addisons dx caused by hypoadrencoticocism. |
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What is ythe folicle stimulating hormone and what does it do?
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Hormone that stimulates the gonads. In females it promotes ripening of the ova.
In males it stimulates the production of sperm. |
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What is Luteinizing hormone and what does it do?
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LH triggers both the release of the ovum and transformation of the follicle to corpus luteum.
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What is the Corpus Luteum?
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Whem ovum is matured, it breaks out of the follicle and ready for fertilization. Released from ovary and goes into fallopian tubes and the remaining accesory cells of ollicle become a yellow structure that is the corpus luteum.
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What does the corpus luteum do?
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causes secretion of progesterone taht helps maintain pregnancy.
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What can lead to pyometra regarding progesterone?
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If animal not bred secretion of progesterone will continue and uterus becomes infected.
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What are the hormones in the intermediate lobe?
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Melanocyte stimulating hormone.
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What does the melanocyte stimulating hormone do?
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It stimulates melanocytes that contain black pigment.
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Posterior hormone is what and what two of its own hormones does it include?
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It is storage lobe for hormones made by hypothalamus. Oxytocin and
Vasopressin(antidiuretic hormone) |
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What is Oxytocin and what does it do?
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Post lobe hormone that stimulates smooth muscle of uterus causing contractions and placental separation. Also milk let out.
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How is Oxytocin given and why?
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Oxytocin is given IV shortly after partrution to help animal of afterbirth.
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What is vasopressin and what does it do?
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two things:
A.causes muscular walls of arteries and arterioles to contract, creating a constriction of the lumen, thereby increasing blood pressure. B. stimulates reabsorption of H2O from distal tubules of kidney. |
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What are the hormones of the thyroid gland?
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T3 tiiodothyronine and T4 thyroxin.
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What is T3 and T4 and what do they do?
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Hormones that control rate of metabolism, influence protien synthesis and growth, necessary for proper function of nervous and muscle system, and in amphibians controls the metamorphosis.
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What is clacitonin and what does it do?
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Hormone that is an antagonist to parathormone. Draws calcium out of the serum to decrease blood calcium levels. Also has magnesium ions by reabsorption of kidney tubules.
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What hormones does the parathyroid gland have and what is its function?
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Parathormone which promotes release of calcium from bones, absorption of calium from food from intestines, reabsorption of calcium in tubules of kidney.
Results in increase of calcium in circulating blood thatmaintains normal serum levels. Inhibits phosphate reabsorption in kidney tubules then prevents buil up. Amount of hormones secreted is regulated by level of Ca ijn extracellular fluid. |
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How many lobes does the Thymus gland consist of?
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two
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What happens to the lobes of the thymus gland?
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Begins large in infants then decreases as growth occurs. In young it serves to stimulate lymphocyte production in lymph nodes.
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What hormone does the stomach produce?
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Produces gastrin
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What does gastrin do?
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It stimulates the making of gastric juices, HCL, and pepsinogen.
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How is gastrin production stimulated and how does it act on the liver and pancreas.
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Gastrin is stimulated by proteins entering the stomach.
Acts on liver to increase bile production and pancreas to increase insulin production. |
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What hormones does the duodenum produce?
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Secretin, inerogastrone, and cholecystokinin.
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What is secretin and what does it do?
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Secretin is a hormone that increases the pancreatic juice flow to neutralize the acidity of chyme from stomach.
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What is inergastrone and what does it do?
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It is a hormone that inhibits gastric secretions and mobility, stimulated by fat, and keeps chyme in stomach longer so fat has opportunity to be broken down.
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What is cholecystokinin and what does it do?
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It is a hormone and it increases pancreatic enzyme release and stimulates gall bladder to contract and release bile into duodenum.
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What are the pancreatic enzymes?
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Amylase, Lipase, and Trypsin.
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What is the small clusters of cells which are part of endocrine portion of pancreas?
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The Islets of Langerhans.
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What two types of cells do the Islets of Langerhans have?
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Alpha and Beta cells.
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What are Alpha cells and what do they do?
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Alpha are cells and they produce glucagon.
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What is glucagon and what does it do?
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a hormone that is antagonist to insulin. It stimulates conversion of liver glycogen to glucose to prevent hypoglycemia. In normal animals prevents insulin from lowering blood sugar levels to excess.
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What do beta cells produce?
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Beta cells make Insulin.
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What is Insulin and what does it do?
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A hormone that makes cells in the body more permeable to glucose. Speeds up conversion of glucose to glycogen, thereby lowering blood serum glucose levels. When alot of food is around insulin stimulates the body to stoe it as fat. lack o insulin makes the body think its starving.
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What does the liver do with the glycogen?
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It turns the stored glycogen into glucose and blood sugar levels rise.
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Where are the adrenal glands located?
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At just cranial to kidneys.
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What are the two distinct regions of the adrenal glands?
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The Adrenal medulla and the Adrenal cortex.
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What is the Adrenal medulla and what two hormones does it release?
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It is in the interior portion and is a true endpcrine gland yet part of the nrvous sytem and relseases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
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What is Epinephrine and where is it released?
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It is adrenalin and it is released in large quntaities when organism is suddenly subjected to stress, anger, fear, or injury.
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What does epinephrine cause?
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Causes:
*Heart rate and strength in increases. *Blood pressure increased. *Blood supply from skin and viscera is shunted to skeletal muscles, coronary arteries, and lungs. *Glucose and metabolic rate up. *Bronchodilation to permit easier air passage. *Spleen contracts, force blood reserves into general circulation. *Hackels up on animal. *Mydriasis *Clotting time reduced. |
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What is Mydriasis?
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Dilation of pupils.
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What is norepinephrine and what does it do?
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Is Noradrenalin and it increases blood presure by contraction of the arterioles.
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What hormones does the adrenal cortex make?
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Steroids.
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How are steroids similar and how do they freely convert?
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similar in molecular structure and freely converted from one to another through enzyme action.
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What steroids does the adrenal cortex have?
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Glucorticoids, minerlaocorticoids, and sex hormones.
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What is glucorticoids and what does it do?
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It is Cortisone and Cortisol.
It promotes conversion of fats and proteins to glucose so causes blood glusoce levels to go up. It suppresses "itis". maintains animal durng stress after epinephrine has worn off. |
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What is Mineralocorticoids and what does it do?
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It is aldosterone. It resorbs sodium and chloride ions from kidney tubules.
keeps blood somotic pressure high that maintains normal blood volume and pressure. |
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What happens when sodium levels increase?
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Aldosterone levels decrease.
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What is sex hormones and what do they do?
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Are Androgens which are primarily male hormones and explains why castrated male anomals still show signs of male sexual activity.
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What two hormones do the Kidneys make?
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Renin and Erythropoietin.
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What does Renin cause?
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Causes increase of B.P. by action on adrenal cortex.
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What does Erythropoietin stimulate?
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Stimulates red blood cell production.
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What are the reproductive parts in male and female?
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Male= testes
Female= ovaries and placenta. |
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What do the testes produce?
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Testosterone. Specifically Leydig celld of testes.
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What do the ovaries and placenta produce?
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Ovaries produce Estrogen and Progesterone.
Placenta produces hormones that maintain pregnancy in some species. |
