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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What should come to mind when thinking about production in the hypothalamus?
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Releasing and Inhibiting Hormones
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Is Prolactin Inhibiting hormone a polypeptide hormone or a steroid hormone?
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Neither it is made from tyrosine
(PIH, Dopamine) |
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What makes prolactin?
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Prolactin is made in the pars distalis by the cells called lactotrophs/mammotrophs
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What secretes HGH in the anterior pituitary?
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Somatotrophs
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What is another term for GHIH?
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Somatostatin
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What releases ACTH in the anterior pituitary?
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Corticotrophs
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What causes release of CRH or CRF?
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Released in response to stress (trauma, infection, cold/heat, surgery) and Diurnal rhythm (peaks at 8AM)
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T/F
The hypothalamus may release steroid hormones |
False
Only Polypeptides and PIH made from tyrosine |
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What does GnRH do?
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Stimulates release of LH and FSH by gonadotrophs of the anterior pituitary (note: there are also gonadotrophs in the pars distalis)
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What triggers the onset of puberty?
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Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GNRH)
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T/F
TRF secretion is stimulated by prolonged cold. |
True
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Where is TSH released from?
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Thyrotrophs in the anterior pituitary (note: there are also thyrotrophs in the pars distalis)
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Where is Oxytocin synthesized?
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Cells of the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and transported down their axons for RELEASE in the Posterior Pituitary.
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Where is Vasopressin (ADH) synthesized?
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Cells of the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, and transported down their axons for release in the posterior pituitary
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What does E stand for in FLAT PEG?
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Endorphins released by the anterior pituitary.
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What is another name for glucocorticoids?
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Cortisol
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What is another name for Corticotropin?
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Adrenocorticotrophic hormone or ACTH
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What stimulates the release of glucocorticoids (cortisol) and androgens (androstenedione) by the adrenal cortex?
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ACTH (adrenocorticotrophic hormone or corticotrophin)
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What effect does LH have on men?
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Stimulates Testosterone secretion by testes
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What effect does LH have on women?
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TRIGGERS OVULATION and formation of the corpus luteum, and stimulates secretion of estrogen and progesterone
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What effect does FSH have on men?
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Regulates spermatogenesis
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What effect does FSH have on Women?
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Stimulates development of follicles in the ovaries
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What effect does Prolactin have?
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stimulates milk Synthesis and Secretion (NOT release)
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Is Thyrotrophin a polypeptide or a steroid hormone?
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Neither, It behaves like a steroid
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Where are the receptors for TSH or thyrotrophin?
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located intracellularly
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What inhibits secretion of TSH?
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Thyroxine T4
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What stimulates TSH secretion?
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TRF
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What are the steroid-like properties that thyrotrophin (TSH) possesses?
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TSH
1) Synthesized on demand 2) Immediately released 3) Receptors located Intracellularly |
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What are some other names for Growth Hormone?
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Somatotrophin
HGH |
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What effects do GH have on the body?
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Stimulates body growth (largely by causing release of SOMATOMEDIN by the liver) and Lipolysis (fat breakdown)
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What causes the release of somatomedin by the liver?
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GH, Somatotrophin, HGH
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What is released from the Neurohypophysis?
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Oxytocin
Vasopressin (ADH) |
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What triggers release of milk from the breasts in response to suckling?
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Oxytocin
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What are the effects of oxytocin?
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Stimulates smooth muscle contraction of the uterus
2) Triggers RELEASE of milk from the breasts in response to suckling |
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What triggers release of oxytocin?
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Suckling and cervical stimulation
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How does vasopressin (ADH) affect the body?
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Increases water retention by the distal tubule and collecting ducts of the nephrons by formation of aquaporin channels
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What triggers release of ADH?
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Increased Plasma Osmolarity
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Are T4 and T3 polypeptides or steroids?
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Neither they are made from the R groups of Tyrosine, but behave like a Steroid
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How many iodines does thyroxin have on its R groups?
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4 iodines thus (T3)
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Which hormone is most prominant one found in blood, thyroxin or tri-iodothyronine?
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Tri-iodothyronine, because much of the T4 is de-iodinated to form T3 after it has been released.
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T/F
Both T3 and T4 can enter target cells (most cells of the body) and they increase transcription of many genes via activation of nuclear receptors. |
False
Okay this is picky but it is a fair game question for the test. Only the T3 increases transcription of many genes via activation of nuclear receptors |
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What is associated with exopthalmus (bugged out eyes) and cold tolerance?
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Hyperthyroidism
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What is associated with myxedema and atherosclerosis and can result in dwarfism and cretinism if it occurs in utero or in the early neonate?
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Hypothyroidism
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What do parafollicular cells synthesize and release?
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Calcitonin in response to elevated plasma levels of calcium
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What is the ideal level of blood Ca++ in which PTH and Calcitonin is regulated?
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2.4mM
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How does calcitonin affect bone?
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It Inhibits Osteoclast activity and number (thus inhibiting bone resorption)
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What stimulates the release of PTH?
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Low plasma calcium (<2.4mM)
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What are the 3 primary actions that PTH induce?
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1. Stimulate osteoclast activity
2. Stimulate kidney to retain Ca++ and lose phosphate 3. Stimulate the kidney to make 1,25-dihydroxy Vitamin D3 active form (steroid version that has long lasting and slow onset effects) |
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What is the primary product of the Adrenal medulla?
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Epinephrine
20:1 E:NE, Hardly any Dopamine |
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What disease occurs from Hypoadrenalism?
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Addison's Disease
cortisol doesn't Add up |
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What disease occurs from hyperadrenalism?
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Cushing's syndrome
Cushing's is Gushing with cortisol |
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What are the androgens produced in the adrenal cortex?
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Androstenedione (primary product)
Testosterone Hydroxyprogesterone Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) |
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Where is cortisol produced?
cortisol = mineralcorticoids |
In the zona fasiculata of the adrenal cortex
"Get your Facts Right, Men are Glued to their Gonads": Glomerulosa Fasciculata Reticularis Mineralocorticoids = Aldosterone Glucocorticoids = Cortisol Gonadocorticoids [androgens] |
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What do glucocorticoids do?
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1) Stimulate gluconeogenesis
2) Elevates blood glucose 3) Mobilizes fats and AA 4) Anti-inflammatory actions when injected |
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T/F
Cortisol/glucocorticoid is a permissive hormone: it allows epinephrine to work |
True
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Where are mineralcorticoids released from?
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Zona Glomerulosa
"Get your Facts Right, Men are Glued to their Gonads": Glomerulosa Fasciculata Reticularis Mineralocorticoids = Aldosterone Glucocorticoids = Cortisol Gonadocorticoids [androgens] |
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What do mineralcorticoids do?
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Mineralcorticoids/Aldosterone
1) Increases Na+ Retention and K+ Loss in the kidney by acting at the collecting duct and distal tubule 2) Water Retention is Enhanced due to the retaining of Na+ |
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What are the primary stimuli for aldosterone release?
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Angiotensin II and increased K+ are the primary stimuli for aldosterone release
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Where are the gonadocorticoids/androgens released from?
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From the Zona Reticularis
"Get your Facts Right, Men are Glued to their Gonads": Glomerulosa Fasciculata Reticularis Mineralocorticoids = Aldosterone Glucocorticoids = Cortisol Gonadocorticoids [androgens] |
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What role do the androgens released from the zona reticularis play in men and women?
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Androstenedione, Hydroxyprogesterone, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) add to testosterone in men and produces sex drive in women. Overactivity can lead to precocious (early) puberty in the male and masculinization in women.
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What causes release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla?
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Released due to preganglionic sympathetic discharge leading to the adrenal medulla
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What is used to make tyrosine?
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Phenylalanine
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Are Catecholamines steroids or polypeptides?
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Neither made from tyrosine
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What are the two polypeptide hormones released from the ovaries?
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Relaxin
Inhibin |
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What are the two steroid hormones released from the ovaries?
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Estrogen (estradiol)
Progesterone |
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What are the three polypeptide hormones released from the Placenta?
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1)Chorionic Gonadotrophin (hCG)
2)Placenta Lactogen (PL or chorionic somatomammotropin) 3)Relaxin (also released in ovaries) |
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What are the two steroid hormones released from the placenta?
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1) Estriol
2) Progesterone (also released from ovaries until placenta forms) |
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What functions do estrogens do?
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1) promote growth and development of the female reproductive tract
2) Inhibits Osteoclasts 3) Stimulate endometrial enlargement during the proliferative phase (first half of cycle) or the endometrium |
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What functions do progesterone do?
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1) Stimulates Endometrium to increase secretion during the secretory phase of the endometrium
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What does Relaxin do?
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Important during parturition because it appears to relax the cervix and pelvic ligaments
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What does Inhibin do?
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Inhibin acts to inhibit FSH and LH
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What does hCG (chorionic Gonadotropin)do?
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Fulfills the role played by LH and thereby maintains (nurtures) the corpus luteum, by ovoinding the onset of menses with estrogen and progesterone continue to be released
2) supports the developing placenta 3) This continues until the end of the first trimester, when the placenta takes over the role of supplying estrogen and progesterone |
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T/F
Placental Lactogen (or chorionic somatomammotropin) plays a major role in lactation. |
False
PL does NOT appear to have major effects on lactation |
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What are two steroid hormones produced by the placenta?
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Estriol & Progesterone
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What does progesterone from the placenta do?
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1) takes over after 1st trimester
2) Maintains nutrition to the embryo 3) Decreases uterine contractions (don't want to squirt the kid out too early) 4)Stimulating breast development (since when is breast development NOT stimulating?!? ha ha) |
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What does Estriol (a form of estrogen) from the placenta do?
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1) Enlarge the uterus and breasts
2) Relax the joints along the birth canal |
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What hormones are released from the placenta?
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1) hCG (Chorionic Gonadotrophin)
2) PL (or chorionic somatomammotropin) 3) Estriol (a form of estrogen) 4) Progesterone 5) Relaxin |
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What hormones do the Testes secrete?
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1) Testosterone
2) Inhibin |
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What are the hormones released from the kidney?
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1) Renin
2) Erythropoietin 3) 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (Vitamin D) |
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What hormone is released by the heart?
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Atrial Natiuretic Polypeptide (ANP)
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What hormones are released from the pancreas?
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1) Insulin from Beta cells
2) Glucagon from Alpha cells 3) Somatostatin from Delta cells |
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What hormone is released from the pineal glands?
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Melatonin
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What hormone is released from adipocytes?
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Leptin
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What hormones are found in the GI tract?
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1) CCK
2) Gastrin 3) Secretin 4) VIP 5) GIP 6) Somatomedin 7) Ghrelin 8) Substance P |
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What hormones are secreted by Syncitial Trophoblasts?
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Estriol, hCG, Progesterone
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What maintains the corpus luteum?
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LH triggers estrogen and progesterone to be released, thereby preventing menses. Once the end of the first trimester is reached the placenta takes over and hCG Chorionic Gonadotrophin does the same thing as the LH has been doing.
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What hormone released by the placenta promotes the release of fat stores and inhibits glucose utilization in the mother?
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Placental Lactogen (or chorionic somatomammotropin)
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Where all does Inhibin come from?
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1) Testes
2) Ovaries |
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Where all does relaxin come from?
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1) Ovaries
2) Placenta |
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Where is testosterone secreted?
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Leydig cells (stimulated by LH)
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