Endocrine Regulation

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Endocrine system

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Releases hormones

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Endocrine glands

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Produce hormones

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Hormones

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Chemical messengers that regulate physiological activity

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Target cells

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Cells influenced by a particular hormone

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Homeostasis

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Balanced internal environment of the body

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Negative feedback system

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Some change in the steady state causes an effect which reverses that change

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Fatty acid derivatives

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Prostaglandins and juvenile hormone of insects

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Steroid hormone

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Cortisol, Testosterone, Progesterone, Estrogen

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Amino Acid Derivatives

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Simplest hormones. Thyroid hormone, Epinephrine (Adrenaline), Norepinephrine (Noradrenaline), Melatonin

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Peptide Hormones

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Largest group; water soluble; e.g. oxytocin and ADH

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Classical Endocrine Signaling

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Hormones secreted by endocrine glands and transported by blood to target cells

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Neurohormones

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Released by neurons transport in the blood to distant sights

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Autocrine Signaling

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A hormone or other regulator acts on the very cells that produce it

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Paracrine signaling

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A hormone diffuses through interstitial fluid and acts on nearby target cells

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Histamine

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Stored in mast cells and is released in response to allergic reactions, injury or infection. Cause blood vessels to dilate and capillaries to become more permeable

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Nitric Oxide (NO)

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A local regulator. A gas produced by many types of cells, including those lining blood vessels. Relaxes smooth muscle fibers in the blood vessel wall, causing the blood vessel to dilate

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Prostaglandins

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Modified fatty acids released continuously by the cells of most tissues. These local hormones use paracrine signaling. Present in very small quantities. Affect a wide range of physiological processes. They modify AMP levels and interact with other hormones to regulate various metabolic activities

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G-Protein Linked Receptors

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Transmembrane proteins that initiate signal transduction; they convert an extracellular hormone signal into an intracellular signal that affects some cell process

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G Proteins

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A group of regulatory proteins

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Hyposecretion

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Abnormally reduced output. Target cells are deprived of needed stimulation

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Hypersecretion

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Abnormally increased output. Target cells are overstimulated

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Hypothalamus

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Links nervous and endocrine systems both anatomically and physiologically. Controls most endocrine activity

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Pituitary Gland

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Connected to hypothalamus by the pituitary stalk

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Posterior Lobe

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Releases hormones produced by hypothalamus

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Oxytocin

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Hormone secreted by the hypothalamus and released by posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; stimulates contraction of the pregnant uterus and the ducts of the mammary glands

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Anterior Lobe

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Regulates growth and other endocrine glands

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Prolactin

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Stimulates the cells of the mammary glands to produce milk in a nursing mother

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Growth Hormone

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Promotes tissue growth

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Acromegaly

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Thickening in connective tissue due to excessive secretion of GH in an adult

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Thyroid Gland

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Located in neck region, in front of the trachea and below the larynx

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Thyroid Hormones

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Hormones, including thyroxine, secreted by the thyroid gland; stimulate rate of metabolism

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Parathyroid Glands

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Embedded in the connective tissue surrounding the thyroid gland

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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

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A polypeptide that helps regulate the calcium level of the blood and interstitial fluid

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Calcitonin

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A peptide hormone secreted by the thyroid gland; works antagonistically to parathyroid hormone

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Beta cells

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Secrete Insulin

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Alpha Cells

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Secrete Glucagon

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Insulin

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An anabolic hormone that regulates the use and storage of nutrients. Lowers glucose levels in the blood

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Glucagon

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Raises blood glucose levels

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Diabetes Mellitus

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Characterized by high blood glucose levels

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Adrenal Glands

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Small, yellow masses of tissue that lie in contact with the upper ends of the kidney

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Adrenal Medulla

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Central portion of the adrenal gland

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Adrenal Cortex

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Outer section of the adrenal gland

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Epinephrine

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Hormone produced by the adrenal medulla; stimulates the sympathetic nervous sytem

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Norepinephrine

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A neurotransmitter that is also a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla

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Catecholamines

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Compounds that serve as neurotransmitters and hormones

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Estradiol

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Principal female sex hormone

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Aldosterone

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Principal mineralocorticoid

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Cortisol

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A steroid hormone, secreted by the adrenal cortex, that helps the body adjust to long term stress; stimulates conversion of other nutrients to glucose in the liver, resulting in increased blood glucose concentration

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Melatonin

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Derived from the amino acid tryptophan and influences biological rhythms and the onset of sexual maturity