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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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GnRH - type
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Peptide
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Oxytocin - type
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Peptide
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Prolactin - type
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Protein
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ACTH - type
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Protein
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hCG - type
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Glycoprotein
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LH - type
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Glycoprotein
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FSH - type
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Glycoprotein
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Types of membrane receptors
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1. GPCR
2. Ion Channel 3. Tyrosine kinase 4. cytokine 5. Serine/Threonine |
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G alpha s
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G stimulatory receptor, increases cAMP, PKA and gene expression
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G alpha i
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Inhibitory, prevents cAMP production
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GRK
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G protein receptor kinase - turns off G alpha s
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G alpha q
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results in Ca2+ release from ER, involves IP3
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Tyrosine Kinase receptor
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Insulin and growth factors, phosphorylates MAPK and ERK to elicit cellular response
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Cytoquine receptor
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ex: JAK Stack. Stat binds around DNA. SOCS reduces signal by competing with Stat.
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Nuclear receptors bind:
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sex steroids, glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, D3, and thyroid hormones
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general structure of nuclear receptor:
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Transactivation domain, DNA binding domain, Hormone binding domain
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Posterior pituitary hormones:
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ADH and Oxytocin
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Regulation of oxytocin secretion:
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1. myometrial contractions
2. cervix stimulation 3. milk ejection * positive feedback - contractions |
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Where is ADH synthesized?
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magnocellular cells of the hypothalamus
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ADH effects:
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smooth muscle: vasoconstriction
kidney: water retention ant. pituitary: corticotropin release |
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ADH location in kidney
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distal collecting tubule
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Diabetes insipidus types
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hypothalamic, pregnancy, nephrogenic - due to lack of ADH or inappropriate response
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Aldosterone Effects
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NA+ retention, K+ and H+ elimination
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Aldosterone origin
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Zona glomerulosa of adrenal gland, it's a steroid hormone
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Aldosterone regulation
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ANP inhibits aldosterone, aldosteron stimulated by low Na, low BP, and high K+, increase in angiotensin II.
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11BHSD2
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oxidizes cortisol in aldosterone sensitive cells
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Parathyroid hormone
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Acts to increase free Calcium in the blood. Increased blood [Ca] decreases PTH output.
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Parathyroid effect on bone
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Effects osteoblasts to produce RANKL. Osteoclasts have RANK receptors, this causes them to resorb bone.
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Calcium's effect on calcitonin
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increased free calcium in blood causes high calcitonin levels
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Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3)
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active form of vitamin D3. goes through two reactions, one in liver, one in kidney
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Effects of Calcitriol
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1. increases absorption of Ca in gut
2. decreases loss of Ca in kidney 3. increases release of Ca from bone. |
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PTH effect on Calcitriol
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Increases Calcitriol
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Calcitonin effect on osteoclasts
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breaks seal between osteoclast and bone, making bone resorption less effective
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Slow effect of PTH
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increase in CYP1alpha, which increases Calcitriol, which increases Ca absorption
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Rapid effect of PTH
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Increased Ca reabsorption in kidney, increased bone resorption
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Estradiol effect on Ca
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stimulates Ca reabsorption, absorption, and bone formation
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Cortisol
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inhibits Ca reabsorption, Ca absorption, and bone formation
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PTH as treatment for osteoporosis
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Increased PTH can increase osteoclasts and bone loss. Intermittent, low dose PTH can increase osteoblasts.
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Primary hyperparathyroidism
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increases bone resorption ->osteopororis, kidney stones, hypercalciuria, increased calcitriol
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Hypoparathyroidism
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low PTH, decreased Pi excretion, hypocalcemia, hyperphosphatemia.decreased calcitriol. no bone problems
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Vitamin D deficiency
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Decreased [Ca]. deficient mineralization (osteomalacia in adults, rickets in children)
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Renal failure effect on Ca
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No production of calcitriol (reduced Ca absorption) Increased [Pi] in serum. High PTH.
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CRH in pregnancy
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Increases toward the end, helps create surfactant, made by fetal placenta.
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High estrogen effects on uterus in pregnancy
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strengthens smooth muscle, creates gap jxns so they all contract at once, increases oxytocin receptors in myometrium
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3 steps for sperm to surpass zona pellucida
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a. sperm bind zp3
b. undergo acrosome reaction and bind zp2 c. become competent to penetrate zp |
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CD9
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creates fusion pore for sperm to penetrate egg
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Growth hormone on fat
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increases mobilization of fat from adipose tissue
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Grown hormone on sugar
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increases plasma glucose
inhibits muscle uptake of glucose |
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Perchlorate action
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competitively blocks iodide uptake
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methomidazole, 6npropylthiouracil
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inhibit organification and coupling
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Lithium
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inhibits thyroid hormone release
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