Endocrine Physiology

Front 1

T/F The thyroid gland is one of the largest endocrine glands

Back 1

True

Hint 1

No hint

Front 2

T/F the thyroid gland secretes only two hormones

Back 2

False, it also secretes calcitonin which is a hormone produced by the follicular cells in human a.k.a c cells and have a function of regulating blood calcium and phosphate levels.

Hint 2

No hint

Front 3

T/F The release of TRH & TSH is highly stimulated by excitement and anxiety.

Back 3

False, Cold stimulates increase in TSH & TRH whereas excitement and anxiety do the opposite as metabolic rate increases and body heat as well.

Hint 3

Metabolic rate and body heat

Front 4

True or false, The other name for posterior pituitary gland is adenohypophysis.

Back 4

False, neurohypophysis

Front 5

True or false, the posterior pituitary gland manufactures and secretes ADH and Oxytocin.

Back 5

False, it only secretes both are manufactured in the hypothalamus.

Front 6

True or false, the posterior pituitary gland is composed of axon terminals for neurons whose cell bodies are located in the hypothalamus.

Back 6

True

Front 7

True or false, the anterior pituitary gland secretes 8 hormones which are mostly peptide hormones.

Back 7

FSH, LH,GH, Prolactin, TSH, ACTH,B lipotropin, endorphin

Hint 7

Know nature of hormones

Front 8

True or false, the hypothalamus secretes hormones which are mostly peptide hormones except for dopamine.

Back 8

True

Front 9

True or false, the hypothalamus secretes vasopressin and Oxytocin to the posterior pituitary gland.

Back 9

True

Front 10

True or false, ADH is manufactured in the Supra optic nucleus and oxytocin in the paraventricular nucleus.

Back 10

True

Front 11

True or false, ADH has the following functions:

a) Stimulates contraction of smooth muscles (vasoconstriction).

b) Regulates water excretion in urine in the kidneys thus controlling plasma osmolarity.

Back 11

True

Front 12

True or false, oxytocin has the following functions:

a) stimulates smooth muscle cell contraction.

b) stimulates uterine contractions during labour.

c) Ejaculation in males.

d) propulsion of sperms in females during or after intercourse.

e) is the bonding/love hormone

Back 12

True

Front 13

True or false, the anterior pituitary gland has no nervous innervation.

Back 13

True

Front 14

True or false, the anterior pituitary gland blood supply is by the portal vessels.

Back 14

True, blood supply is by portal vessels.

Front 15

True or false, the anterior pituitary gland is located towards the back of the head.

Back 15

False it is the posterior pituitary gland.

Front 16

True or false, Thyroid secretion is primarily controlled by TSH from the anterior pituitary gland.

Back 16

True, TSH from pituitary gland acts as a stimulus for Thyroid secretion.

Front 17

True or false, Inorder to form normal quantities of Thyroid hormones, about 1 mg of iodine is required per week.

Back 17

True, iodine is incorporated into the thyroglobulin.

Front 18

True or false, the following steps are involved in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones:

a) Iodide trapping

b) oxidation of the Iodide ion

c) organification of thyroglobulin.

d) coupling of iodotyrosine residues.

e) release of T3 and T4 into blood.

Back 18

True, the iodine has to combine with the tyrosine amino acids.

Front 19

True or false, Thyroglobulin is synthesized by the mitochondria and secreted into the follicles.

Back 19

False, thyroglobulin is synthesized by the ER & golgi apparatus and then secreted into the follicles.

Front 20

True or False, TSH is also know as thyrotropin and is an anterior pituitary hormone.

Back 20

True.

Front 21

True or False, the thyroid gland is a highly vascular organ situated at the front and sides of the neck.

Back 21

True, it consists of right and left lobes connected across the middle line by the isthmus.

Front 22

True or False, the following occurs during iodide trapping:

a) Sodium Iodide symporter co-transports iodide along with 2 sodium ions.

b)The energy for transportation of iodide is provided by the Sodium potassium ATPase pump.

c) Protein pendrin helps transport iodide out of thyroid cells into the follicles.

Back 22

True, all in.

Front 23

True or false, the following are actions of thyroid hormones:

a) growth

b) basal metabolic rate, fat metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism.

c) Actions on specific systems and tissues, cardiovascular, respiratory, git, CNS, musculoskeletal, endocrine glands, sexual functions. (Systems).

Back 23

True, has physiological functions, metabolic functions and systematic functions.

Front 24

True or False, one of the principal function of thyroid hormones is to increase the rate and number of activity of mitochondria.

Back 24

True, this increases the rate of formation of ATP to energize cellular function.

Front 25

True or False, primary hyperthyroidism results as a result of antibodies called thyroid immunoglobulin form against TSH receptors thus inducing cAMP which leads to high level of T3 and T4 and low TSH. Conditions involved include Grave's disease, toxic nodular goiter and sub acute thyroiditis.

Back 25

True.

Front 26

True or False, secondary hyperthyroidism includes high T3, T4 and TSH. Condition involved is pituitary adenoma.

Back 26

True

Front 27

True or False, hyperthyroidism is an autoimmune disease which results from antibodies called thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins which form against the TSH receptors thus inducing activation of cAMP which leads to high T3, T4 and in some cases low(primary hyperthyroidism: grave's disease, nodular toxic goiter, sub acute thyroiditis) or high TSH (secondary hyperthyroidism : pituitary adenoma).

Back 27

True.

Front 28

True or False, about hyperthyroidism, it is most common in females than in males and some symptoms include, heat intolerance, exophthalmos, weight loss, bulging eyes, breast enlargement, increase in systolic blood pressure, myxedema, menstrual complaints...

Back 28

True, look for more symptoms .

Front 29

True or False, cretinism is caused by extreme hypothyroidism during fetal life, infancy or childhood. It is characterized by failure of body growth cheat gray and by mental retardation the.

Back 29

True.

Front 30

True or False, cretinism can form from lack of thyroid, failure of thyroid gland to produce hormones and lack of ionie...

Back 30

True.

Front 31

True or False, the zona glomerulosa is a thin layer under the capsule and forms 15% of the cortex.

Back 31

True, the zona glomerulosa also secretes mineralocorticoid called aldosterone.

Front 32

True or False, the zona glomerulosa is the widest layer of the adrenal cortex.

Back 32

False, the zona fasciculata is the widest layer as it forms 75% of the cortex and it secretes glucocorticoids such a cortisol and corticosterone.

Front 33

True or False, zona reticularis is the smallest of the 3 cortex layers and secretes small amounts of adrenal androgens.

Back 33

True.

Front 34

True or False, concerning the synthesis of adrenal steroids, they are made entirely in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum.

Back 34

True, all the steps occur in the mitochondria and ER.

Front 35

True or False, 80-90% of cortisol is bound to transcortin and albumin to reduce flactuations in free hormone concentration.

Back 35

False, 90-95% of cortisol is bound to transcortin and albumin acting as a reservoir.

Front 36

True or False, adrenal steroids are usually degraded by the liver and conjugated to glucuronic acid and sulphates.

Back 36

True.

Front 37

True or False, steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors in the cytoplasm where as amino acid and peptide hormones bind to extracellular receptors.

Back 37

True.

Front 38

True or False, concerning congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), it occurs in female fetuses and is a result of excess adrenal androgen production.

Back 38

True, CAH results from excess adrenal androgen production which leads to virilization of genitalia in female fetuses.

Front 39

True or False, concerning aldosterone:

a) it is a mineralocorticoid.

b) production is under control by angiotensin II.

c) production occurs in adrenal cortex cells and is associated with inositol triphosphate second messenger pathway.

d) production includes cAMP pathway.

e) functions include Na+ & water retention in kidneys; excretion of K+ and H+ in urine.

Back 39

True (a,b,c,e)

Front 40

True or False, glucocorticoids include cortisol and corticosterone.

Back 40

True, cortisol is the predorminant glucocorticoid and it's functions have effects on glucose metabolism.

Front 41

T/F, the following hormones and fluids can be tested for adrenal dysfunction:

a) plasma ACTH

b) plasma cortisol

c) plasma prolactin

d)plasma renin

e)urinary sodium

Back 41

TTFTT

Front 42

True or False, stimuli for catecholamine production includes, environmental stress

Anoxia

Hypoglycemia

Hypotension

Strenuous exercise

Back 42

True.