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52 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 9 mechanism of endocrine disease |
Primary gland hypofunction Secondary gland hypofunction Primary gland hyperfunction Secondary gland hyperfunction Hypersecretion of hormones or hormone like factors by non endocrine tumours Failure of target cell response Endocrine hyperactivity secondary to disease of other organs Abnormal hormone degradation Iatrogenic |
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Primary gland hypofunction |
Destruction of secretory cells or failure of gland development (hypoplasia or agenesis), biochemical defect in synthetic pathway |
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Secondary gland hypofunciton |
Destruction of glandular tissue results in failure of secretion of a trophic hormone and hypofunction of a target organ. |
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Example of secondary gland hypofunction |
Inactive pituitary neoplasm results in reduced release of ACTH, TSH and FSH This results in inactivity in the adrenal cortex, thryoid follicular cells and gonads Atrophy of target organs |
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Primary gland hyperfunction |
Primary source over synthesises and oversecretes hormone - excess of ability of body to utilise and degrade hormone |
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Secondary gland hyperfunction |
Lesion in one gland causes excessive trophic hormone secretion which results in long term hypersecretion in a target organ |
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Examples of hypersecretion of hormones or hormone like factors by non-endocrine tumours |
Adenocarcinoma of the apocrine glans of the anal sac in dogs produce PTHRP (pseudohyperpthism) Lymphosarcomas may have a similar effect |
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Failure of target cell response example |
Insulin resistance in obesity due to receptor downregulation in connective tissue Addisons disease (autoimmune) mineralocorticoid receptor insensetivity |
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Endocrine hyperactivity secondary to disease in other organs example |
Secondary hyper PTH- ism Chronic renal disease Inability to excrete phosphorus and altered VIT-D metabolism |
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Abnormal hormone degradation example |
Decreased or increased (chronic drug asministration) |
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Iatrogenic endocrine examples |
Corticosteroid excess has cortisol effect |
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What is the result of a pituitary cyst |
Dwarfism (juvenile panhypopituitarism) Space occupying cyst prevents normal pituitary formation/pituitary atrophy
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What breed is associated with juvenile panhypopituitarism |
German shepherds |
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What are the neoplasms of the pituitary gland |
ACTH secreting adinoma (cushings) PPID in horses Non functional adenomas Pituitary carcinomas |
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Adrenal gland hypofunction |
Addisons disease - bilateral idiopathic atrophy of the adrenal gland Mineralocorticoid insufficiency Glucocorticoid insufficiency
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Glucocorticoid insufficiency |
Typical biochemical abnormalities seen include hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, pre-renal azotemia and hypoglycemia, difficulty concentrating urine Hyperkalaemia causes bradycardia |
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Mineralocorticoid insufficiency |
Hypoglycaemia Poor stress response |
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Canine cushings |
Syndrome of cortical excess Most common cause is a pituitary adenoma Bilateral gland hyperplasia - severity bears no relation to size of primary tumour Increase in mineralocorticoids and glucocorticouds Pathogenesis involves protein catabolism, lipolysis, anti-inflammatory |
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Clincal signs of cushings |
Weakening of muscles Hepatomegaly Skin lesions Calcifiction Increased apetits |
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Muscle weakness and cushings |
lordosis, pendulous abdomen, atrophy of temporal muscles, excessive protein catabolism and decreased protein synthesis |
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Hepatomegaly and cushings |
Steroid hepatopathy - accumulations of glycogen and lipid |
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Skin lesions and hyperadrenocorticism |
atrophy of epidermis and follicles Cutaneous calcification Bilateral allopecia |
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Calcification and hyperadrenocorticism |
Can mimic secondary renal hyperparathyroidism
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Increased apetite and hyperadrenocorticism |
effect of cortisol and/or destruction of appetite centre |
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Adrenal hyperplasia types |
Cortex hyperplasia (nodular) - multiple and bilateral, common in D+C Diffuse hyperplasia of the adrenal gland due to pituitary tumours |
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What are the adrenal neoplasm |
Cortical adenoma Cortical carcinoma Phaeochromocytoma |
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Cortical adenomas |
Often incidental May arise in hyperplastic glands |
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Cortical carcinoma |
Less common than adenomas, cattle and dogs Can metastasis to lungs if invade the adrenal v -> CVC Marked atrophy of contralateral gland |
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Phaeochromocytioma |
Cattle and dogs Invasive Functional - adrenaline/noradrenaline excess signs |
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Aetiology of diabetes mellitis |
Relative or lack of insulin from Beta cells due to pancreatitis, amyloid deposits in the islets of langerhan, idiopathic pancreatic atrophy, hypoplasia |
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Pathology of a diabetes mellitis |
Reduced availability of insulin Hyperglycaemia Imparied leucocyte function Fatty change Catteracts (sorbitol pathway metabolism of excess glucose by lens) Renal glomerular sclerosis (glycoprotein deposits) |
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Diabetes insipidus aetiology |
Unrelated to the pancreas - PU/PD Neurogenic/Central - inadequate ADH Nephrogenic/Peripheral - inadequate response to ADH |
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Peripheral diabetes insipidus |
Congenital absence of receptors Block by autoantibodies |
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Insulinoma |
Neoplasia of beta cells Usually functional resulting in hypoglycaemia Carcinoma more common |
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Gastrinoma |
Hypersecretion of gastric acid and ulceration |
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Glucagonaoma |
Alpha cell production |
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Developmental disorders of the thyroid gland |
Acessory thyroid tissue - common and may not be clinical Thyroglossal duct cysts in ventral cervical resion Fluctuant and can become neoplastic |
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Hypothyroidism aetiology |
Important in the dog but uncommon in other spp Idiopathic follicular atrophy or lymphocytic thyroiditis (autoimmune) |
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Pathology of hypothyroidism |
Reduced BMR Bilaterally symmetrical allopecia Reduced sperm count Increase cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis |
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Hyperthyroidism |
Common in the cat PU PD PP Weght liss Hyperexcitable HCM Heat intolerance |
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Goitre |
Non neoplastic / inflammation of the thyric gland Associated with iodine deficiency Cause of stillbirth |
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Nodular thyroid hyperplasia |
Multiple small nodules - functional in the cat Rarely functional in other spp |
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Types of neoplasia of the thyroid gland |
Follicular adenoma Follicular carcinoma C cel neoplasia |
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Follicular adenoma |
Discrete capsule and solitary More common in the cat |
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Follicular carcinoma |
More common in the dog Locally invasive and often metastisize Can arise in extrathyroidal tisse |
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C cell neoplasia |
Present in the interstitial tissue and secrete calcitonin Lowered calcium levels would result Associated with phaeochromocytoma and pituitary adenomas |
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Primary Hyperparathyroidism |
Chief cell neoplasia Adenoma is more common than carcinoma More common in the dog than other SPP Often functional: raise blood calcium, bone reabsorbtion - pathological fractures
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Secondary hyperparathyroidism |
Nutritional or due to Chronic renal failure |
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Pseudohyperparathyroidism |
Hypercalcaemia of malignancy PTHRP |
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Hypoparathyroidism |
More common in small breeds Lymphocytic thryoiditis Neuyromuscular excitability associated with a decrease in Ca++ |
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Aortic body adenoma/carcinoma |
Most common in dogs - especially brahycephalics Adenomas more common than carcinomas Mass around the base of the heart Carcinomas invade pulmonary artery or atria Distant mets uncommon Arise near bifurcation of commoncarotid Non functional but space occupying |
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Carotic body adenoma and carcinoma |
located near the bifurcation of the common carotid artery |
