Endocrine Patho

Front 1

Giantism is caused by

Back 1

Too much growth hormone

Front 2

Growth hormone deficiency is caused by

Back 2

A reduced production of GHRH or GH or by a pituitary tumor.

Front 3

Growth hormone deficiency is caused by

Back 3

A reduced production of GHRH or GH or by a pituitary tumor.

Front 4

Growth hormone replacement requires

Back 4

Weekly shots of GH

Front 5

Whats the history of GH replacement

Back 5

It use to come from cadevers until children started dying from cruetz felt Jacob syndrome. Now synthetic is available

Front 6

To determine a GH deficiency you need to know

Back 6

How tall the parents are, what are the secondary sex charecteristics, What is the bone age shown in the hand on an xray.

Front 7

When does a child need gh replacement

Back 7

When the bone is older than the child, once the epiphyseal ends close GH cant be given or acromegaly will develop.

Front 8

Giantism is caused by

Back 8

Growth hormone deficiency

Front 9

What is the mechanism seen in Giantism

Back 9

Excess GH occurring before puberty

Front 10

What is acromegaly caused by

Back 10

Excess Gh secretion in adulthood.

Front 11

How do you stop acromegaly or giantism

Back 11

By giving somatotrostain, stops GH

Front 12

How do you treat acromegaly

Back 12

Transphenoidal hypophysectomy (removing tumor) or with somatostatin.

Front 13

Antidiuretic hormone when

Back 13

arginine vasopressin is released from the posterior pituitary when the supraoptic nuclei in the hypothalamus senses an increase in serum sodium osmolality, or if the aortic arch, carotid arch, or left atrium sense that plasma volume is low they will affect the target organ= the distule tubule of the kidneys collecting to shut down

Front 14

Why does ADH release when plasma volume is low

Back 14

For fluid retention to stop urine outmust and allow fluid to move into the intracellular space instead of being in the extracellular space for excretion.

Front 15

Why are the aortic and carotid vessels the volume sensors and not the peripheral vessels

Back 15

Because they sense central core volume for a more accurate reading, peripheral vessels reading are affected by factors like HTN

Front 16

Diabetes insipiud is a result of

Back 16

Insufficient ADH

Front 17

Diabetes insipidus is NOT related to _____ , it is a result of

Back 17

NOT related to mellitus. It is caused because there is no balance of adh

Front 18

The two types of diabetes insipidus

Back 18

Neurogenic or nephrogenic.

Front 19

Neurogenic DI is caused by

Back 19

ADH not be produced, there is a problem with synthesis, transport or release

Front 20

Nephrogenic DI is caused

Back 20

by an inadequate response of ADH

Front 21

The BIG problem with DI is because ___ can develop

Back 21

Hypertonic dehydration and increased serum osmolality with inadequate fluid intake, especially in those unable to say they need water or get it.

Front 22

Siadh is a result of

Back 22

Excessive adh production

Front 23

SIADH can cause

Back 23

water retention and dilutional hyponatremia

Front 24

What is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion a result of

Back 24

Negative feed back syptom because it controls adh regulation. Since negative feedback is not working, excessive adh is continuously produced and secrete

Front 25

SIADH mechanism

Back 25

Water retention even though expansion/increase of intravascular colume is occurring.

Front 26

Why does thirst occur with SIADH

Back 26

Intravascular cells are dehydrated.

Front 27

Why are there GI symptoms with SIADH

Back 27

Due to increased volume to the GI tract

Front 28

Neuro symtpoms occur in SIADH because

Back 28

Electrolytes are diluted, everything will appear hypo even when it is not

Front 29

Graves disease is

Back 29

State of Hyperthyroidism, occurs more in women, mostly autoimmine b/c TSH stimulated the thyroid absnormally. It may be associated with other autoimmunes like myasthenia gravis or pernicious anemi

Front 30

Thyroid stimulating hormone increases what

Back 30

The activity of the thyroid gland because TSH in the anterior pituitary gland increases thyroglobulin breakdown and increases the follicle cell numbers and size causing the release of thyroid hormone from the follicles into the bloodstream, activating the iodide pump, increasing the oxidation of iodide and the binding of iodide to tyrosine.

Front 31

Actions of Thyroid Hormone

Back 31

For growth in children, increase of 60 to 100% of the baseline metabolic rate because of thyroxine secretion, increase of cardiovascular functions (heart rate and contractility), increased GI functioning (appetite),if there is a lot of TH muscles react more vigorously, if there is little amounts of TH muscles are sluggish.

Front 32

Altered thyroid functions include

Back 32

Hypothyroidism & Hyperthyroidism

Front 33

Hypothyroidism is most oftenly seen in

Back 33

elderly women especially in winter and those with hyperthyroidism because of thyrotoxicosis

Front 34

Which is more problematic hypo or hyperthyroidism

Back 34

Hyperthyroidism

Front 35

How many thryoid glands are there

Back 35

4 glands normally, can function with two though

Front 36

How many parathyroid glands

Back 36

1- 12

Front 37

How is parathyroid horome produces

Back 37

When the thyoid gland repsonds to ionized calcium it produces parathyroid.

Front 38

Hypoparathyroidism is related to

Back 38

Hypocalcemia / hypo or no thyroid

Front 39

The adrenal sex hormone ______ serves as a source of _____

Back 39

Androgens produce estrogen

Front 40

The adrenal cortex produces three types of steroid hormones

Back 40

the mineralocorticoids, the glucocorticoioids and the adrenal sex hormones

Front 41

Mineralocorticoids include and do what

Back 41

Aldosterone which function in sodium, potassium, and water balance

Front 42

What is a glucocorticoid & what does it do

Back 42

Cortisol, aids in regulating the metabolic functions and controlling the inflammatory reponse. Essential for survival during stress

Front 43

The manifestations of primary adrenal cortical insufficiency is related to _____ & _____ deficiency

Back 43

Mineralocorticoid deficiency because salt and water regulation is impaired and glucocorticoid deficiency because blood glucose and the inflammatory response cannot be controlled.

Front 44

Glucorticocoid cortisol regulates

Back 44

Glucose metabolism by stimulating gluconeogenesis and decreasing utilization of gluose which increases breakdown of proteins and causes increased protein levels causing fatty acids to be mobilizes and increases the utilization of fatty acids. Cortisol levels rise when with increased ACTH levels diurnal rhythm to cortisol as an important part of the stress response to regulate inflammation and generation of fever.

Front 45

What tests adrenal function

Back 45

Dexamethasone suppression test

Front 46

How Is the adrenal test done

Back 46

By administering dexamethasone (glucosteroid synthetic drug) to measure the HPA (hypothalamic pituitary adrenal system) then seeing if ACTH is produced, levels should be high normally because adrenal and ectopic drugs do not cause acth stimulation.

Front 47

What is a primary adrenal insufficiency disease

Back 47

Addisons disease

Front 48

In primary adrenal insufficiency addisons disease, the symptoms don’t show until when

Back 48

Until 90% of the adrenal gland has been destroyed

Front 49

Why is primary adrenal insufficiency worse than secondary

Back 49

Secondary does not affect the adrenal gland directly while primary does. Secondary can still be regulated because the gland still works.

Front 50

The main thing to distinguish between primary and secondary adrenal insufficiency is

Back 50

in primary there is hyperpigmentation and blue black oral mucus membranes, hyperkalemia, and autoimmune cause. In secondary there is hypokalemia, secondary deficiencies of testosterone, adh, thyroxine and growth hormone and secondary is not autoimmune.