Hormones

Front 1

Anterior pituitary hormones:

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Back 1

Adrenal cortex - promotes secretions of some hormones by adrenal cortex, especially cortisol

Disorders: hyposecretion - rare, hypersecretion - Crushing disease

Front 2

Anterior pituitary hormones:

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 2

Ovaries - in females, stimulates egg production, increases secretion of estrogen

Testes - in males, stimulates sperm production

Disorders: hyposecretion - failure of sexual maturation, hypersecretion - no known significant effects

Front 3

Anterior pituitary hormones:

Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin

Back 3

Bone, cartilage, liver, muscle, and other tissues - stimulates somatic growth, increases use of fats for energy

Disorders: hyposecretion - in children causes pituitary dwarfism, hypersecretion - in children cause gigantism, in adults causes acromegaly

Front 4

Anterior pituitary hormones:

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 4

Ovaries - in females, promotes ovulation, stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone

Testes - in males, promotes secretion of testosterone

Disorders: hyposecretion - failure of sexual maturation, hypersecretion - no know significant effects

Front 5

Anterior pituitary hormones:

Prolactin

Back 5

Breast - in conjunction with other hormones, promotes lactation

Disorders: hyposecretion - poor lactation in nursing mothers, hypersecretion - galactorrhea in nursing mothers

Front 6

Anterior pituitary hormones:

Thyroid-stmulating hormone (TSH)

Back 6

Thyroid gland - stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone

Disorder: hyposecretion - cretinism in infants, myxedema in adults, hypersecretion - causes Graves disease, indicated by exophthalmos

Front 7

Posterior pituitary hormones:

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 7

Kidney - increases water reabsorption (water returns to the blood)

Disorder: hyposecretion - diabetes insipidus, hypersecretion - syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

Front 8

Posterior pituitary hormones:

Oxytocin

Back 8

Uterus - stimulates uterine contractions, initiates labor

Breast - promotes milk secretion from the mammary glands

Disorders: unknown

Front 9

Thyroid hormones:

Calcitonin

Back 9

Regulates calcium levels in the blood in conjunction with parathyroid hormone

Secreted when calcium levels in the blood are high in order to maintain homeostasis

Disorders: the most significant effects are exerted in childhood when bones are growing and changing dramatically in mass, size, and shape. Calcitonin is a weak hypocalcemic agent in adults

Front 10

Thyroid hormones:

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Back 10

Increases energy production from all food types

Increases rate of protein synthesis

Disorders: hyposecretion - cretinism in infants, myxedema in adults, hypersecretion - Graves disease, indicated by exophthalmos

Front 11

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 11

Bones - increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood

Kidneys - increases calcium absorption and phosphate excretion

Small intestine - increases absorption of calcium and phosphate

Disorders: hyposecretion - tetany, hypersecretion - osteitis fibrosa cystica

Front 12

Adrenal cortex hormones:

Glucocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

Back 12

Body cells - promote gluconeogenesis; regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; and help depress inflammatory and immune responses

Disorders: hyposecretion - Addison disease, hypersecretion - Crushing syndrome

Front 13

Adrenal cortex hormones:

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)

Back 13

Kidneys - increase blood levels of sodium and decrease blood levels of potassium in the kidneys

Disorders: hyposecretion: Addison disease hypersecretion - aldosteronism

Front 14

Adrenal cortex hormones:

Sex hormones (any of the androgens, estrogens, or related steroid hormones) produced by the ovaries, testes and adrenal cortices

Back 14

In females, possibly responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause

Disorders: hyposecretion - no known significant effects, hypersecretion of adrenal androgen - leads to virilism in females, hypersecretion of adrenal estrogen and progestin - leads to feminization in males

Front 15

Adrenal medullary hormones:

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Back 15

Symphatheic nervous system target organs - hormone effects mimic sympathetic nervous system activation (sympathomimetic), increase metabolic rate and heart rate, and raise blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction

Disorders: hyposecretion - no known significant effects, hypersecretion - prolonged "fight or flight" reaction and hypertension

Front 16

Pancreatic hormones:

Glucagon

Back 16

Liver and blood: increases blood glucose level by accelerating conversion of glycogen into glucose in liver (glycogenolysis) and conversion of other nutrients into glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis) and releasing glucose into blood; converts glycogen to glucose

Disorders: persistently low blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) may by caused by deficiency in glucagon

Front 17

Pancreatic hormones:

Insulin

Back 17

Tissue cells - lowers blood glucose level by accelerating glucose transport into cells; converts glucose to glycogen

Disorders: hyposecretion - diabetes mellitus, hypersecretion - hyperinsulinism