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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Normal pituitary features
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- Clusters of different colored cells
- Eosinophilic/acidophilic cells = GH and prolactin - Basophilic cells = ACTH, MSH, TSH, FSH and LH - ADH and oxytocin = made in hypothalamus, released at neurohypophysis |
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Normal pituitary
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Normal adenohypophysis
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Pituitary infarct
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Pituitary infarct
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Most common in adenohypophysis due to low pressure venous blood supply.
- Coagulative necrosis |
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Sheehan Syndrome
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Pituitary enlarged during pregnancy already
- Lots of hormones being produced - Enlargement occludes adenohypophysis blood supply - Becomes ischemic... - Blood loss from delivery, shock -> infarction, necrosis |
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pituitary adenoma
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Pituitary adenoma features
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Predominant basophilic or eosinophilic regions
- Most common cause of pituitary hyperfunction - Monoclonal = only one cell type - Classified by hormone produced - could be silent... - Prolactinoma most common |
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craniopharyngioma
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Craniopharyngioma features
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NOT pituitary tumor - from remnant of Rathke's pouch
- Adamantinomatous = hard - calcification and cysts - Papillary = softer, not much calc. or cysts Malignancy is rare - Growth retardation, vision issues, diabetes insipidus (from ADH losses) |
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Grave's disease, thyroid
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Grave's disease thyroid features
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Auto-immune problem
- Antibodies activate the TSH receptor - hyper-thyroidism - Follicular cells become columnar from crowding - Scalloping of colloid follicles - Papillary projections into colloid |
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
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Hashimoto features
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Auto-immune destruction of thyroid
- Mononuclear cell infiltrate - Very small/absent follicles - Hurthle cells - large, eosinophilic, surround follicles Child - cretinism - impaired skeletal growth, CNS dev - profound retardation, short, protruding tongue, hernia Adult - myxedema - Fatigue, mental slowness, cold intolerance, overweight |
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Goiter
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Goiter features
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Large, variable-size follicles
- NO scalloping! - Start as non-toxic (single nodule), progress to potentially toxic, multi-nodular |
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thyroid adenoma
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Thyroid adenoma features
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Solitary, spherical, encapsulated!
Some residual tissue remains outside - Interior is loosely cellular, some small follicles with colloid |
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Papillary thyroid carcinoma
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Papillary thyroid carcinoma features
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Most common thyroid cancer - follicular epithelium
- Often mets to cervical lymph nodes, vascular invasion rare - Calcification, psamomma bodies - Little orphan Annie eye nuclei - Prognosis pretty good |
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follicular thyroid carcinoma
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Follicular thyroid carcinoma features
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2nd most common thyroid cancer - follicular epithelium
- Often invades vasculature, only rarely LN mets - Compare to thyroid adenoma - Difference is penetration of capsule! - Very aggressive, high mortality |
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thyroid medullary carcinoma
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Thyroid medullary carcinoma features
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Neuroendocrine tumor - from parafollicular cells (C-cells)
- Secrete calcitonin - KEY for diagnosis - Nests of cancer cells surrounded by amyloid deposits - Salt n' pepper nuclei |
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Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
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Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma features
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Undifferentiated follicular cell tumor
- Rare, but mortality ~100% - Mix of small cells, giant cells, very pleomorphic - Can have spindle cells too |
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Thyroid follicular mets to bone
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renal cell carcinoma mets to thyroid
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Renal cell carcinoma mets to thyroid features
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Solid sheet of round, polygonal cells with abundant clear cytoplasm
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Normal parathyroid
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Normal parathyroid features
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Chief cells, oxyphil cells, abundant adipocytes
- Chief cells = release PTH, sensitive to blood Ca++ - Smaller and darker - Oxyphil cells - larger, paler, function unknown |
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Hyperplastic parathyroid
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Hyperplastic parathyroid features
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- Very little/no fat left
- All four glands usually involved - Typically chief cell hyperplasia |
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parathyroid adenoma
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Parathyroid adenoma features
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- Only ONE enlarged PT gland (not all four - hyperplasia)
- others often atrophic from feedback - Usually chief cell affected - Hyperparathyroidism, hypercalcemia |
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Hyperparathyroidism - metastatic calcification
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