Endocrine Hormones & Glands

Front 1

testosterone

Back 1

stimulates development of male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics

Front 2

estrogens

Back 2

stimulate development of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics, maturation of ovarian follicles, formation and maintenance of bone tissue, and contraction of the uterine muscles

Front 3

inhibin

Back 3

inhibits secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland

Front 4

progesterone

Back 4

the uterus (endometrium) in preparation for egg implantation in the uterine wall

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relaxin

Back 5

induces relaxation of pubic ligaments during childbirth to facilitate infant delivery

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thyroxine

Back 6

stimulates cellular metabolism, lipid production, carbohydrate utilization, and central and autonomic nervous system activation

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triiodothyronine

Back 7

stimulates cellular metabolism, lipid production, carbohydrate utilization, and central and autonomic nervous system activation

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epinephrine (adrenaline)

Back 8

stimulates "fight or flight" response, increases heart rate, dilates blood vessels in skeletal muscles and liver, increases oxygen delivery to muscle and brain tissues, increases blood glucose concentrations, and suppresses digestion

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norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

Back 9

stimulates "fight or flight" response, increases heart rate, constricts blood vessels, increases blood glucose concentrations, and suppresses digestion

Front 10

cortisol

Back 10

activates physiological stress responses to maintain blood glucose concentrations, augments constriction of blood vessels to maintain blood pressure, and stimulates anti-inflammatory pathways

Front 11

aldosterone

Back 11

regulates balance of salt and water in the body

Front 12

androgens

Back 12

contribute to growth and development of the male reproductive system and serve as precursors to testosterone and estrogen

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corticotropin
(adrenocorticotropin, ACTH)

Back 13

stimulates growth and secretion of cells of the adrenal cortex; increases skin pigmentation

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growth hormone (GH; somatotropin)

Back 14

stimulates growth of essentially all tissues in the body

Front 15

thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone)

Back 15

stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone and growth of thyroid cells

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follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Back 16

stimulates maturation of egg follicles in females and development of spermatozoa in males

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luteinizing hormone

Back 17

stimulates rupture of mature egg follicles and production of progesterone and androgens in females and secretion of androgens in males

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prolactin

Back 18

stimulates and maintains lactation in breast-feeding mothers

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oxytocin

Back 19

stimulates milk ejection during breast-feeding and uterine muscle contraction during childbirth

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vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone, ADH)

Back 20

regulates fluid volume by increasing or decreasing fluid excretion in response to changes in blood pressure

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melanocyte-stimulating hormones (MSH)*

Back 21

stimulate melanin synthesis in skin cells to increase skin pigmentation; may also suppress appetite

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corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

Back 22

stimulates synthesis and secretion of corticotropin from the anterior pituitary gland

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growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Back 23

stimulates synthesis and secretion of growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland

Front 24

thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Back 24

stimulates and regulates secretion of thyrotropin from the anterior pituitary gland and may modulate neuronal activity in the brain and spinal cord

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gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Back 25

stimulates synthesis and secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary gland

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prolactin-inhibiting factor (PIF; dopamine)

Back 26

inhibits secretion of prolactin from the anterior pituitary gland

Front 27

glucagon

Back 27

maintains blood glucose concentrations by stimulating release of glucose from the liver and production of glucose from amino acids and glycerol

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insulin

Back 28

stimulates glucose uptake and storage in adipose, muscle, and liver tissues

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parathyroid gland
parathyroid hormone (parathormone)

Back 29

increases serum calcium concentrations by stimulating release of calcium from bone tissue, reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys, and production of vitamin D in the kidneys; inhibits reabsorption of phosphate in the kidneys

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calcitonin

Back 30

decreases serum calcium concentrations by promoting uptake of calcium into bone tissue and excretion of calcium in the urine

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calciferols (vitamin D)

Back 31

maintain serum calcium concentrations by increasing absorption of calcium and phosphate in the intestines and reabsorption of calcium and phosphate in the kidneys; mobilizes calcium from bone in response to parathyroid hormone activity

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gastrin

Back 32

stimulates secretion of acid and pepsin in the stomach and contraction of the pyloric region of the stomach near the small intestine to increase motility during digestion

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melatonin

Back 33

regulates circadian rhythm (primarily in response to light and dark cycles) and release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and gonadotropins from the pituitary gland

Front 34

renin

Back 34

regulates blood pressure and blood flow by catalyzing conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the kidneys

Front 35

prostaglandins

Back 35

regulate many physiological processes, including dilation and constriction of blood vessels, aggregation of platelets, and inflammation