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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the different types of hormones?
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peptides and proteins
amino acid derivatives steroids and fatty acid derivatives |
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What is signal transduction?
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hormones bind to receptors
on membrane or in cytoplasm causes series of reactions to take place within the cell |
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What are the different types of signaling?
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endocrine
paracrine neuronal contact-dependent |
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What are some second messengers?
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cAMP
cGMP phsphatidylinositol calcium and sodium |
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What is negative feedback?
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target cell sends back and inhibitory signal to signal cell to decrease stimulating signal
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What is positive feedback?
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target cell sends a signal that increases signal cell to send more hormone
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What does the pituitary gland do?
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releases hormones which regulate growth, reproduction and metabolism
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What are the two glands in the pituitary?
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adenohypophysis- rathke's pouch
neurohypophysis- neuroectoderm |
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Where is the pituitary located?
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inferior to the hypothalamus
hypophyseal fossa in sella turcica |
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What does the hypothalamus do?
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releases hormones which control anterior pituitary
controls posterior pituitary via neurosecretory innervation input from CNS and control ANS regulates homeostasis |
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What does TRH do?
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stimulates TSH
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What does CRH do?
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stimulates ACTH
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What does SRH do?
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stimulates GH
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What does LHRH do?
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Stimulates LH and FSH
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What does PRH do?
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Stimulates prolactin
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What does PIF do?
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inhibits release of prolactin
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What makes up the anterior pituitary?
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pars distalis
pars intermedia pars tuberalis |
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What makes up the posterior pituitary?
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median eminence
infundibulum pars nervosa |
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What cells are found in pars distalis?
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chromophils
acidophils somatotrophs mammotrophs basophils corticotrophs thyrotrophs gonadotrophs Chromophobes |
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What cells are found in pars intermedia?
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basophils- secrete pro-opiomelanocortin
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What is the pars tuberalis?
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surrounds infudibular stalk
contains vessels of the hypophyseal portal system basophilic cuboidal cells |
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What is the neurohypophysis?
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hypothalamohypophyseal tract
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What are pituicytes?
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thought to be glial type cells which support neuron processes
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What is the Pars nervosa?
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main part of posterior lobe
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Where is the pineal?
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roof of the diencephalon, third ventricle
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What are pinealocytes?
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synaptic ribbons- increase during dark period
synthesize melatonin |
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What are interstitial cells?
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astrocyte-like neuroglial cells
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What is corpora arencacea?
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brain sand
concretions of calcium phosphates and carbonates |
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What innervates the pineal?
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post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion
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Where is the thyroid gland located?
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anterior neck just inferior to the larynx
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What makes up the thyroid gland?
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connective tissue capsule
speta from capsule divides into lobules parathyroid glands embedded in capsule |
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What is the structure of thyroid?
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lobules made up of cells surrounding thyroid follicles, filled with colloid
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What is the role of calcitonin?
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release calcitonin
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What does calcitonin do?
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decreases serum calcium levels
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What are parathyroid glands?
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usually 4 small glands
ct surrounds each gland with septa |
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What are the cell types in parathyroid glands?
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chief cells
oxyphil cells |
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What do chief cells do?
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secrete parathyroid hormone which increases blood calcium
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Whyat are oxyphil cells?
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large pale cells of unknown function
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What are the suprarenal glands?
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two glands atop kidneys
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What are the arteries to the suprarenal glands?
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renal artery
aorta inferior phrenic artery |
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What are the zones in the cortex of the suprarenal gland?
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zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
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What do type of cells are in the suprarenal gland and what do they secrete?
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cortical cells
three classes of hormones all derived from cholesterol |
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What is the zona glomerulosa?
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most superficial layer
ovoid cells in clusters or arches secrete aldosterone |
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What is aldosterone?
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regulates the body's concentration of electrolytes: na & k
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What is the zona fasciculata?
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middle adrenal cortex
bundles of cells secrete glucocorticoids regulates metab of glucose |
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What is the zona reticularis?
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innermost layer of cortex
chords of cells precursor sex hormones |
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What is the adrenal medulla?
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chromaffin cells
converts tyrosine to catecholamines epinephrine etc |
