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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Do endocrine glands have duct systems? |
No |
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What three hormones come from the thyroid glands? |
Triiodothyronine, thyroxine, calcitonin |
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What makes the thyroid unique among other endocrine glands? |
The prohormone of T3/T4 is not stored in the cell, but in follicles on the apical side of cells |
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What kind of tissue compose the lining of the thyroid follicles? |
Simple cuboidal epithelial cells (unless active, then columnar) |
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What is stored in the follicles of the thyroid? |
Thyroglobulin |
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What cells are found in between thyroid follicles?
What do they produce? |
C-cells
Calcitonin |
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What do thyroid follicular cells do when thyroid hormone is in high demand? |
They form pseudopodia on their apical side to engulf vesicles of thyroglobulin from the follicular lumen, cleave it, and release T3 and T4 on the basal side capillaries. |
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Between thyroxine and triiodithyronine, how many iodide molecules does each have? |
Thyroxine - T4
Triiodothyronine - T3 |
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What amino acid residue in thyroglobulin has iodide put onto it? |
tyrosine |
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How is thyroglobulin broken down into T3 and T4 after endocytosis from the apical side? |
The vesicle fuses with a lysosome that digests it. |
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Between T3 and T4, which is more abundant?
More potent? |
T3 = more potent
T4 = more abundant |
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What two names are used to refer to the cells that produce calcitonin in the thyroid? |
C- cells
Parafollicular cells |
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How many parathyroid glands are usually embedded in the thyroid?
Posterior or anterior surface? |
4
posterior |
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What cells make up the parathyroid gland? |
Chief cells (produce PTH)
Oxyphil cells (function unknown) |
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What hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete? |
Corticosteroids |
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What are the two functions of corticosteroids? |
- Regulate carbohydrate metabolism - Regulate electrolyte balance |
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What does the adrenal medulla produce? |
Norepinephrine and epinephrine |
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What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex? |
- Zona Glomerulosa - Zona Fasciculata - Zona Reticularis |
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What type of hormone is produced in the Zona Glomerulosa?
What is the main hormone? |
Mineralocorticoids
Aldosterone |
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What regulates mineralocorticoids? |
Angiotensin-II |
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What cells do mineralocorticoids target? |
Cells of the renal tubules |
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Which is the biggest zone of the adrenal cortex? |
Zona Fasciculata |
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What fenestrated blood vessels are arranged longitudinally in the zona fasciculata? |
Sinusoidal capillaries |
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What type of hormones are secreted by the zona fasciculata? |
Glucocorticoids |
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What are the cells in the zona fasciculata that produce glucocorticoids called? |
Spongiocytes |
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What induces the release of glucocorticoids from the zona fasciculata? |
ACTH |
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What are the general function of glucocorticoids? |
metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and protein |
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What 2 hormones do the cells of the zona reticularis secrete? |
glucocorticoids and androgens |
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What is the embryonic origin of the adrenal medulla? |
Neural crest cells |
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What are the 2 cell types in the adrenal medulla
What are their functions? |
Chromaffin cells - produce catecholamines
Sympathetic ganglion cells - post-ganglionic neurons |
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What part of the brain controls the secretion of catecholamines from the adrenal medulla? |
Hypothalamus |
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What 2 arterioles branch off the subcapsular artery that supplies the adrenal gland? |
- Cortical arteriole - Medullary arteriole |
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Which of the 2 arterioles that branch off the subcapsular artery sets up a fenestrated capillary bed to supply the three layers of the adrenal cortex? |
Cortical arteriole |
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Which of the 2 arterioles that branch off the subcapsular artery supplies a capillary bed for the zona reticularis and adrenal medulla? |
Medullary arteriole |
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What vein drains the adrenal arterioles? |
Medullary vein |
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What do chromaffin cells need to convert NE to Epi? |
Steroids from the adrenal cortex |
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What cells make-up the endocrine pancreas? |
Islet of Langerhans cells |
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What hormones do Islet of Langerhans cells produce? (3) |
- Insulin - Glucagon - Somatostatin |
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What cells are located in the periphery of the islet and what do they secrete? |
Alpha cells - glucagon |
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What is the function of glucagon? |
To increase blood glucose |
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What cells are in the center of an Islet and what do they produce? |
Beta cells - insulin |
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What cells are located amid alpha and beta cells of pancreas Islets of Langerhans? What do they produce? |
Delta cells - somatostatin |
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What is the function of pancreatic somatostatin? |
To inhibit both glucagon and insulin by paracrine fashion |
