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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine system is comprised of:
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Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal glands
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Function of endocrine system:
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Production of hormones
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Process of hormone production:
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Signal sent from the hypothalamus to pituitary gland --> Signal causes pituitary to secrete a stimulating hormone into the blood stream --> stimulating hormone reaches the target gland telling it to secrete hormones --> as hormone levels rise in the blood, the hypothalamus and pituitary gland shut down the secretion of the releasing and stimulating hormones which in turn slows down hormone secretion by the target gland
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Pituitary gland function:
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secretes hormones
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Parathyroid gland function:
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produce hormones that regulate calcium levels in blood
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Thyroid gland function:
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Produces hormones that control the rate that which the body uses energy and promote normal growth of the brain, bones, and muscles during childhood
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Thymus gland function:
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Produces hormones that regulate calcium levels in the blood
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Pancreas function:
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Organ that contains special cells that produce hormones that regulate blood sugar levels
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Adrenal gland functions:
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Produce hormones that help the body respond to stress and danger.
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#1 endocrine malignancy
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Thyroid
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#1 tumor in the sella turcica region
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Pituitary (anterior lobe) |
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Outer portion of the adrenal gland?
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Adrenal cortex
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Inner portion of the adrenal gland? Also called? |
Adrenal medulla Pheochromocytomas |
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Main etiological factor of thyroid tumor
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Radioation exposure before puberty
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Symptoms of thyroid cancer:
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Palpable neck mass Hoarseness or voice changes Swollen lymph nodes in the neck Trouble swallowing or breathing Pain in throat or neck |
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Risk factors of thyroid cancer:
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Radiation exposure Family history Personal history of thyroid condition Gender Age |
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Most common histology of thyroid cancer:
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Papillary/ mixed papillary-follicular
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Treatment options for thyroid cancer:
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Surgery Radioactive iodine 131 therapy ablation External radiation therapy |
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Iodine 131 indications for thyroid cancer:
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-Inoperable primary tumor -Thyroid capsular invasion -Thyroid ablation after a partial or subtotal thyroidectomy -Post-operative residual disease in the neck -Recurrent disease -Cervical or mediastinal nodal metastasis -Distant metastasis |
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External beam indications for thyroid cancer:
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-Inoperable lesion -Patient not good surgical candidate -Incomplete surgical removal -SVC syndrome -SKeletal mets where accumulation of I131 occurred -Residual disease involving trachea, larynx, or esophagus |
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Thyroid cancer prognostic factors
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-Extent of disease at time of presentation -Age of patient (under 40=better) -Histology (papillary and follicular=better) |
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#1 malignancy in sellar and para-sellar region
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Pituitary adenomas
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Most common location of pituitary adenomas
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Anterior lobe
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Most common classification of pituitary adenomas
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Non-functioning or chromophobe adenomas
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Which classification of pituitary adenomas secrete growth hormone or prolactin?
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Acidophilic adenomas
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Which classification of pituitary adenomas secrete ACTh, thyroid stimulating hormone or follicle stimulating hormone
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Basophilic adenomas
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Pituitary adenomas within the pituitary gland
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Intrahypophyseal tumors
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Pituitary adenomas within the sella turcica borders
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Intrasellar tumors
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Pituitary adenomas that fill the sella turcica and erode its walls
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Diffuse adenomas
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Pituitary adenomas that erode walls and extends beyond the sella turcica
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Invasive
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Symptoms of pituitary adenomas :
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Non-functioning: -Headache -Change in vision -Loss of body hair -Less frequent or no menstrual periods, no milk from breasts -Loss of facial hair, no breast tissue growth, impotence -Lower sex drive -Slowed growth and sexual development
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Change in vision due to optic nerve compression or damage
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Bitemporal hemianopsia
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Treatment options for Pituitary adenomas
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-Transphenoidal surgery -Post op RT if resection is incomplete, suprasellar extension, persistent hormonal elevation -External -2 laterals + vertex or arcs - SRS or Proton |
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Symptoms of adrenal cortex tumors:
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Abdominal mass Weight loss Fever Cushing's syndrome Virilization Feminization |
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Symptoms of Adrenal medulla tumors:
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Hypertension Severe headache nervousness Palpitations Excessive perspiration Angina Blurred vision Abdominal/chest pain |
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Most common histology of pancreatic cancer:
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Adenocarcinoma
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Most common location of pancreatic cancer:
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Head of pancreas
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Most pancreatic cancers arise from what cells?
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Acinar (exocrine cells)
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How does pancreatic cancer spread?
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Direct extension Lymph nodes Hematogenous spread Peritoneal seeding |
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Risk factors for pancreatic cancer:
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-Smoking -Diet high in fat -Obesity -Chronic pancreatitis - Diabetes mellitus -Exposure to industrial chemicals -family hx -Jaundice -Abd pain radiating to back -Anorexia -Weight loss -Digestive problems -Diabetes mellitus |
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-Nodes of interest in pancreatic cancer:
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-Sup/inf pancreaticoduodenal -Porta hepatis -Suprapancreatic -Celiac -Paraaortic -Tail of pancreas spreads to splenic hilar nodes |
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Tx options for pancreatic cancer:
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Surgery -Whipple-curative -CBD stents - palliative Chemo - 5FU adn Gemcitabine RT post op with chemo -3-4 field -IMRT -45-50 GY with chemo For palliation, split course tx for two week, rest for two weeks, repeat |
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OAR for pancreatic cancer:
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Kidney Liver Stomach Small bowel Spinal cord |
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AP pancreatic field:
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T10-L3
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