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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine glands develop from
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invaginations of surface epithelium
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histological features of islets of Langerhans (5)
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-polarized organelles
-lots of RER -numerous mitochondria -apical cytoplasm contains secretory granules (each type of cell has characteristic secretory granules) -gap junctions |
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islets of Langerhans synthesize (2)
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insulin
glucagon |
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anterior pituitary is also known as (2)
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adenohypophysis
pars distalis |
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anterior pituitary receives blood via
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hypophyseal portal venous system
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pathway of hypothalamic releasing or inhibitory hormones from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary
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superior hypophyseal arteries --> primary capillary plexus --> descending portal vessels --> secondary capillary plexus --> anterior pituitary
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anterior pituitary acidophils (2)
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somatotrophs
- produce somatotropin (growth hormone) mammotrophs - secrete prolactin |
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function of somatotropin (growth hormone)
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controls bone elongation via stimulation of the synthesis and secretion of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) from the liver
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functions of prolactin (2)
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development of mammary glands
initiation and maintenance of lactation |
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anterior pituitary basophils (3)
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corticotrophs
- produce ACTH thyrotrophs - produce thyrotropin (TSH) gonadotrophs - secrete FSH and LH |
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function of ACTH
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stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesize and secrete glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol)
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function of thyrotropin (TSH)
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stimulates thyroid follicular epithelia to synthesize and secrete thyroid hormones (T3 and T4)
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function of FSH:
*females *males |
*females:
- oogenesis *males: - spermatogenesis |
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function of LH:
*females *males |
*females:
- ovulation - formation of the corpus luteum *males: - acts on Leydig cells to stimulate the production of testosterone |
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posterior pituitary is also known as (2)
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neurohypophysis
pars nervosa |
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cells bodies of myelinated axons of posterior pituitary are located in (2)
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supraoptic nucleus (SON)
paraventricular nucleus (PVN) |
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neurosecretory granules are stored in
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Herring bodies
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vasopressin (ADH) is synthesized in the
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supraoptic nucleus (SON)
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oxytocin is synthesized in the
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paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
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functions of vasopressin (2)
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promotes water reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts
elevates blood pressure by promoting contraction in the smooth muscle cells of peripheral arterioles |
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functions of oxytocin (2)
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initiates the release of milk from the mammary gland by acting on myoepithelial cells that surround the alveoli (milk-ejection reflex)
enhances contraction of the smooth musculature of the uterus during childbirth and menstruation |
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unmyelinated axons of the posterior pituitary are surrounded by
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pituicytes
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colloid within thyroid follicles is composed of
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thyroglobulin
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____ stimulates follicular epithelial cells to degrade thyroglobulin into ____ and ____
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TSH
triiodothyronine (T3) thyroxin or tetraiodothyronine (T4) |
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functions of T3 and T4 (2)
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regulate carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism
influence growth and maintain nervous system during development |
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parafollicular or "C" cells secrete
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calcitonin
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function of calcitonin
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lowers blood calcium levels by:
- inhibiting osteoclasts - stimulating calcium absorption |
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components of parathyroid gland (2)
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chief or principal cells
oxyphil cells |
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chief or principal cells produce
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parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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function of PTH
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monitors and controls calcium metabolism (increases blood Ca levels)
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components of the adrenal gland (2)
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adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla |
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layers of the adrenal cortex
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zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata zona reticularis |
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zona glomerulosa synthesizes
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mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
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function of aldosterone
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acts on distal convoluted tubules to increase sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion
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zona fasciculata synthesizes
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glucocorticoids (cortisol and corticosterone)
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function of cortisol and corticosterone
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increase carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism
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zona reticularis synthesizes
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androgens (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone)
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adrenal medulla synthesizes and secretes
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catecholamines (Epi-80% and NE-20%)
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histological features of the adrenal cortex (3)
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SER arranged in long tubes
mitochondria with tubular cristae cells have many lipid droplets within their cytoplasm (storage sites of cholesterol esters) |
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histological features of the adrenal medulla (2)
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catecholamines are able to reduce chromium salts (chromaffin reaction)
catecholamines are able to reduce silver salts (argentaffin reaction) |
