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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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endocrine glands
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consist of pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, suprarenal glands (adrenal), pineal gland
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where do endocrine glands arise from?
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ectoderm-> adenopituitary
endoderm-> thyroid, pancreatic islets neural crest cells-> adrenal medulla mesoderm-> adrenal cortex |
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main hormone types
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steroid and peptide
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type of secretion of endocrine glands
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merocrine- secreted by exocytosis
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what are the three regions of the pituitary gland
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three parts: neuro, intermedia, and adeno
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what does the neuropituitary gland consist of
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consist of infundibular stalk and pars nervosa
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what does adenopituitary consist of
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consists of pars anterior (distalis), pars tuberalis, and pars intermedia
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what cells are in pars anterior (distalis)
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composed of parenchymal cells; chromophils and chormophobes
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Chromophils
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divided into basophils and acidophils
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Basophils
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produce thyrotropin (TRH), FSH, LH, ACH, and MSH
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Acidophils
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produce somatotropin and prolactin
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Pars Tuberalis
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part of pituitary gland; cuboidal cells that mostly secrete LH and FSH
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Pars nervosa and infundibular stalk (neuropituitary)
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composed of pituicytes (glial) cells and herring bodies
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Herring bodies
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have oxytocin and ADH; in neuropituitary gland
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Thyroid gland
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regulates metabolism and influences growth rate and mental processes; arises from endoderm; synthesizes T3 and T4; regulated by TSH
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Parafollicular cells
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make calcitonin
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calcitonin
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controls Ca concentration in blood; inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts so lowers blood Ca level
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what does parathyroid gland (adrenal) do?
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synthesizes and secretes hormones on demand; from mesoderm (cortex) and neuroectoderm (medulla)
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Adrenal cortex regions?
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yellow peripheral region
zona glomerulosa- makes mineralcorticoids zona fasciculata- glucocorticoids and androgens zona reticularis- some androgens and glucocorticoids |
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Adrenal medulla
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inner reddish brown region
cells accumulate and store hormones in granules; has chromaffin cells that release epinephrine and norepinephrine; fight/flight response |
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Pineal gland
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made of pinealocytes and neuroglial cells
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pinealocytes
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produce melatonin at night and serotonin during the day
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non-steroid hormones
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bind to receptors located on target cell membrane and can act by altering state of ion channel or by activating/inhibiting enzyme
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steroid hormones
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(cholesterol derivatives)- can diffuse into target cell through plasma membrane and then bind to the receptor molecule
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
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acts when Ca levels drop; causes bone resorption and increase in blood Ca levels
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aldosterone
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secreted by cells of zona glomerulosa of adrenal cortex; acts on cells of DCT of kidney to modulate H2O and electrolyte balance; inc sodium and water resorption
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Cortisol
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glucocorticoid; released in response to stress; increases blood sugar through gluconeogenesis
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antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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released in response to inc tonicity of blood; usually results from loss of H2O or intake of salt (more water is resorbed)
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oxytocin
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causes contraction of myoepithelial cells that surround alveoli and ducts of mammary glands during nursing; also of smooth muscle during childbirth
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mineralcorticoid
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stimulates reabsorption of Na and mostly acts on distal renal tubes
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glucocorticoids
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affect metabolism of carbs by stimulation of glucose and conversion of glucose into glycogen; controlled by release of corticotrophin releasing hormone
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dihydropeiandrosterone (DHEA)
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sex hormone that circulates in the blood as sulfate and exerts its action after being converted to testosterone
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A cell of islet of langerhans
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A- makes glucagon
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B cell of islet of langerhans
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makes insulin
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D cell of islet of langerhans
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makes somatostatin
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F cell of islet of langerhans
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makes pancreatic peptide
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paracrine secretion
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hormones that act at a short distance by diffusing through the extracellular matrix
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juxtacrine
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molecule present on surface of a cell that influences adjacent cells that have receptors for this molecule
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autocrine
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cells secrete molecules that act on themselves or cells of the same type
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