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184 Cards in this Set
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THYROTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE (TRH) is secreted by?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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TRH:Hypothalamus
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CORTICOTROPINE-RELEASING HORMONE (CRH) is secreted by?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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CRH:Hypothalamus
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GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE is secreted by?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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GnRH:Hypothalamus
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GROWTH-HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE is secreted by?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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GHRH:Hypothalamus
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SOMATOROTROPIN RELEASE-INHIBITING HORMONE (somatostatin); SRIF is secreted by?
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HYPOTHALAMUS
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SRIF:Hypothalamus
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FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) is secreted by?
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ANTERIOR PITUITARY
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FSH:Anterior Pituitary
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ADRENOCOTRICOTROPIC HORMONE (ACTH) is secreted by?
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Anterior Pituitary
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ACTH:Anterior Pituitary
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THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) is secreted by?
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Anterior Pituitary
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TSH: Anterior Pituitary
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GROWTH HORMONE (GH) is secreted by?
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Anterior Pituitary
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GH: Anterior Pituitary
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LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH)is secreted by?
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Anerior Pituitary
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LH:Anterior Pituitary
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PROLACTIN is secreted by?
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ANTERIOR PITUITARY
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PROLACTIN:Anterior Pituitary
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beta-LIPOPROTEIN is secreted by?
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ANTERIOR PITUITARY
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beta-LIPOPROTEIN:Anterior Pituitary
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MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONE (MSH)is secreted by?
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ANTERIOR PITUITARY
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MSH:Anterior {ituitary
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OXYTOCIN is secreted by?
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POSTERIOR PITUITARY
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OXYTOCIN:Posterior Pituitary
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ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (vasopressin); (ADH) is secreted by?
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POSTERIOR PITUITARY
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ADH: Posterior Pituitary
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L-THYROXIN (T4) is secreted by?
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THYROID GLAND
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T4:THYROID GLAND
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TRIIODOTHYRONINE (T3) is secreted by?
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THYROID GLAND
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T3:Thyroid Gland
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GLUCOCORTICOIDS (cortisol) is secreted by?
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ADRENAL CORTEX
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CORTISOL:Adrenal Cortex
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ESTRADIOL is secreted by?
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OVARY
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ESTRADIOL:OVARY
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PROGESTERONE is secreted by?
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OVARY
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PROGESTERONE:OVARY
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TESTOSTERONE is secreted by?
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TESTES
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TESTOSTERONE:Testes
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PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) is secreted by?
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PARATHYROID GLAND
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PTH:Parathyroid Gland
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CALCITONIN is secreted by?
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PARAFOLLICULAR CELLS of thyroid gland
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CALCITONIN: Parafollicular cells
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ALDOSTERONE is secreted by?
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ADRENAL CORTEX
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ALDOSTERONE: Adrenal Cortex
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1,25-DIHYDROXYCHOLECALCIFEROL is secreted by?
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KIDNEY
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1,25-DHC:Kidney
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INSULIN is secreted by?
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BETA CELLS of pancreas
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INSULIN: Beta Cells
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GLUCAGON is secreted by?
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ALPHA CELLS of pancreas
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GLUCAGON:Alpha Cells
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HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN (HCG) is secreted by?
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PLACENTA
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HCG:Placenta
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HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN (HPL) is secreted by?
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PLACENTA
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HPL:Placenta
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Stimulates secretion of TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
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TRH (thyrotropin releasing hormone
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TSH:Anterior Pituitary
TRH:Hypothalamus |
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Stimulates secretion of ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
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CRH (corticotropin releasing hormone)
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ACTH:Anterior Pituitary
CRH:Hypothalamus |
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Stimulates secretion of LH (luteinizing hormone)
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GnRH (gonadottropin releasing hormone)
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LH:Anterior Pituitary
GnRH:Hypothalamus |
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Stimulates secretion of FSH (follicle stiumlating hormone
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GnRH (gonadotropin releasing hormone
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FSH:Anterior Pituitary
GnRH:Hypothalamus |
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Stimulates secretion of GH (growh hormone)
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GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
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GH:Anterior Pituitary
GHRH:Hypothalamus |
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Stimulates secretion and synthesis of TESTOSTERONE
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LH (luteinizing hormone)
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TESTOSTERONE: Testes
LH: Anterior Pituitary |
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Stimulates synthesis and secretion of THYROID HORMONES
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TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
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Thyroid Hormones:Thyroid Gland
TSH: ANterior Pituitary |
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Stimulates synthesis and secretion of ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES
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ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
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ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES: Adrenal Cortex
ACTH: Anterior Pituitary |
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Stimulates protein synthesis and overall growth
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GH (growth hormone)
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GH: Anterior Pituitary
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Stimulates ovulation, formation of corpus luteum, and synthesis of ESTROGEN and PROGESTERONE
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LH (luteinizing hormone)
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ESTROGEN:Ovaries
PROGESTERONE:Ovaries LH:Anterior Pituitary |
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Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles and ESTROGEN secretion
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FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
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ESTROGEN:Ovaries
FSH:Anterior Pituitary |
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Stimulates MILK production and breast development
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PROLACTIN
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PROLACTIN:Anterior Pituitary
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Stimulates WATER REABSORPTIONby renal collecting ducts
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ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
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ADH:Posterior Pituitary
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Stimulates GLUCONEOGENESIS
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GLUCOCORTICOIDS (cortisol)
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CORTISOL:Adrenal cortex
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Inhibits secretion of GH (growth hormone)
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SOMATOTROPIN RELEASE-INHIBITING HORMONE (somatostatin)(SRIF)
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SOMATOSTATIN SRIF):Hypothalamus
GH:Anterior Pituitary |
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Inhibits secretion of PROLACTIN
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PIF (prolactin inhibiting factor) (dopamine)
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DOPAMINE (PIF): Hypothalamus
Prolactin: Anterior Pituitary |
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Promotes sperm maturation
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FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
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FSH: Anterior Pituitary
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Promotes growth and development of female reproductive organs
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ESTRADIOL
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ESTRADIOL:OVARIES
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Promotes follicular phase of menstrual cycle
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ESTRADIOL
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ESTRADIOL:OVARIES
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Promotes skeletal growth
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T4 (L-thyroxine)
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T4:THyroid gland
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Increases Oxygen consumption
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T4 (L-thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine)
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T4:Thyroid gland
T3:Thyroid gland |
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Increases body temperature (heat production)
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T4 (L-thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine)
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T4:Thyroid gland
T3:Thyroid gland |
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Increases protein, fat and carbohydrate use
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T4 (L-thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine)
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T4:Thyroid gland
T3:Thyroid gland |
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Promotes the maturation of the perinatal nervous system
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T4 (L-thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine)
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T4:Thyroid gland
T3:Thyroid gland |
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Promotes the luteal phase of menstrual cycle
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Progesterone
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PROGESTERONE:Ovaries
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Promotes spermatogenesis
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TESTOSTERONE
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TESTOSTERONE: Testes
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Promotes male secondary sex characteristics
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TESTOSTERONE
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TESTOSTERONE: Testes
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Increases serum calcium and decreases serum phosphate
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PTH (parathyroid hormone)
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PTH:Parathyroid gland
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Decreases serum calcium
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Calcitonin
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Calcitonin:Thyroid gland
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Increases renal sodium reabsorption
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Aldosterone
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Aldosterone:Adrenal cortex
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Increases renal potassium secretion
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Aldosterone
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Aldosterone:Adrenal Cortex
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Increases renal hydrogen ion secretion
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Aldosterone
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Aldosterone:Adrenal Cortex
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Increases intestinal calcium absorption
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1,25-DHC (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
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1,25-DHC:Kidney
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Increases bone mineralization
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1,25-DHC (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol)
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1,25-DHC:Kidney
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Decreases blood glucose, amino acid and fatty acid by promoting entry in many cells
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Insulin
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Insulin:Beta Cells
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Increases blood glucose and fatty acid by synthesis and release from the liver
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Glucagon
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Glucagon:Alpha Cells
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Increases Estrogen and Progesterone synthesis during pregnancy
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HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
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ESTROGEN:Ovaries
Progesterone:Ovaries HCG:Placenta |
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Promotes growth of corpus luteum
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HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin hormone)
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HCG:Placenta
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RENIN is secreted by?
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Kidney
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RENIN:Kidney
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Catalyzes conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
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Renin
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RENIN:Kidney
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Erythropoetin is secreted by?
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Kidney
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Erythropoetin:Kidney
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Increases erythrocyte production
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Erythropoetin
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Erythropoetin:Kidney
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Physiologic effect on GH (growth hormone) by LOW BLOOD GLUCOSE after meals
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Increased GH secretion
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Physiologic effect on GH (growth hormone) by HIGH BLOOD AMINO ACID after mealls
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Increased GH Secretion
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Physiologic effect on GH (growth hormone) by exercise
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Increased GH secretion
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Physiologic effect on GH (growth hormone) by Sleep
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Increased GH secretion
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Physiologic effect on GH (growth hormone) by stress
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Increased GH secretion
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Physiologic effect on GH (growth hormone) by HIGH BLOOD GLUCOSE after meals
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Decreased GH secretion
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Physiologic effect on GH (growth hormone) by HIGH BLOOD FATTY ACIDS (as in prolonged fasting)
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Increased GH secretion
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Physiologic effect on GH (growth hormone) by RISING levels of FATTY ACID
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Blunt GH response to AMINO ACIDS or dropping blood glucose levels
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Pharmacological effects on GH (growth hormone) by GHRH (growth hormone releasing hormone)
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Increased GH secretion
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Pharmacological effects on GH (growth hormone) by Estrogen(s)
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Increased GH secretion
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Pharmacological effects on GH (growth hormone) by alpha-Adrenergic agonists
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Increased GH secretion
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Pharmacological effects on GH (growth hormone) by beta-Adrenergic antagonists
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Increased GH secretion
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Pharmacological effects on GH (growth hormone) by Dopamine agonists
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Increased GH secretion
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Pharmacological effects on GH (growth hormone) by Serotonin precursors
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Increased GH secretion
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Pharmacological effects on GH (growth hormone) by potassium infusion
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Increased GH secretion
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Pharmacological effects on GH (growth hormone) by somatostatin
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Decreased GH secretion
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Pharmacological effects on GH (growth hormone) by progesterone
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Decreased GH secretion
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Pharmacological effects on GH (growth hormone) by alpha-adrenergic antagonists
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Decreased GH secretion
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Pharmacological effects on GH (growth hormone) by beta-Adrenergic agaonists
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Decreased GH secretion
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Pharmacological effects on GH (growth hormone) by Dopamine antagonists
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Decreased GH secretion
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Pharmacological effects on GH (growth hormone) by GH and IGF-I
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Negative feedback on GH (decreased GH secretion)
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Pathologic effects on GH (growth hormone) by starvation
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Increased GH secretion
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Pathologic effects on GH (growth hormone) by Anorexia Nervosa
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Increased GH secretion
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Pathologic effects on GH (growth hormone) by ectopic GHRH production
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Increased GH secretion
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Pathologic effects on GH (growth hormone) by Acromegaly
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Increased GH secretion
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Pathologic effects on GH (growth hormone) by Chronic renal failure
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Increased GH secretion
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Pathologic effects on GH (growth hormone) by hypoglycemia
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Increassed GH secretion
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Pathologic effects on GH (growth hormone) by obesity
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Decreased GH secretion
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Pathologic effects on GH (growth hormone) by hypothyroidism
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Decreased GH secertion
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Pathologic effects on GH (growth hormone) by hyperthyroidism
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Decreased GH secretion
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Insulin influence on glucose uptake
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Increased
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Insulin influence on muscle glucose utilization
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Increased
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Insulin influence on protein synthesis
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Increased
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Insulin influence on glucose output
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Decreased
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Insulin influence on ketogenesis
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Decreased
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Insulin influence on liver gluconeogenesis
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Decreased
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Insulin influence on glycogenolysis
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Decreased
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Insulin influence on glycogenesis
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Increased
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Insulin influence on protein synthesis
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Increased
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Insulin influence on adipose fat synthesis
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Increased
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Insulin influence on tissue lipolysis
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Decreased
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Glucagon influence on glucose output
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Increased
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Glucagon influence on ketogenesis
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Increased
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Glucagon influence on Liver gluconeogenesis
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Increased
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Glucagon influence on glycogenolysis
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Increased
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Glucagon influence on glycogenesis
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Decreased
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Glucagon influence on tissue lipolysis
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Increased (at large doses)
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine influence on muscle glucose utilization
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Increased
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine influence on glucose output
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Increased
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine influence on liver gluconeogenesis
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Increased
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine influence on glycogenolysis
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Increased (initially)
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine influence on glycogenesis
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Decreased
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine influence on tissue lipolysis
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Increased
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Glucocorticoid influence on glucose uptake
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Decreased
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Glucocorticoid influence on muscle glucose utilization
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Decreased
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Glucocorticoid influence on protein synthesis
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Decreased
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Glucocorticoid influence on glucose output
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Increased
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Glucocorticoid influence on ketogenesis
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Increased
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Glucocorticoid influence on liver gluconeogenesis
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Increased (mainly permissive)
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Glucocorticoid influence on glycogenesis
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Increased
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Glucocorticoid influence on protein synthesis
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Increased
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Glucocorticoid influence on tissue lipolysis
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increased (permissive)
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GH (growth hormone) influence on glucose uptake
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Decreased (weakly)
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GH (growth hormone) influence on muscle glucose utilization
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Decreased (weakly)
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GH (growth hormone) influence on protein synthesis
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Increased
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GH (growth hormone) influence on glucose output
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Increased
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GH (growth hormone) influence on ketogenesis
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Increased
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GH (growth hormone) influence on liver gluconeogenesis
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Increased
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GH (growth hormone) influence on protein synthesis
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Increased
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GH (growth hormone) influence on tissue lipolysis
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Increassed (mainly permissive)
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Thyroid hormone influence on muscle glucose utilization
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Increased
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Thyroid hormone influence on protein synthesis
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Increased
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Thyroid hormone influence on glucose output
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Increased
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Thyroid hormone influence on ketogenesis
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Increased
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Thyroid hormone influence on liver gluconeogenesis
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Increased
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Thyroid hormone influence on tissue lipolysis
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Increased (permissive)
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GH effect on the LIVER
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Increased productiong and release of IGF-I
Increased Gluconeogenesis Increase glycogen synthesis |
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GH effect on BONE GROWTH PLATE
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Increased Growth
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GH effect on Adipose Tissue
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Increased lipolysis (by increasing sensitivity to catecholamines and decreasing sensitivity to insulin)
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GH effect on muscle
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Decreased glucose uptake
Increased protein synthesis |
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Amino acid precursor of catecholamines
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Tyrosine
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Effect of pain, hemorrhage, exercise, hypoglycemia and hypoxia on epinephrine and norepinephrine
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Increased secretion from adrenal medulla
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Cause and symptoms of PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
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A neoplasm of the Adrenal Medulla that causes increased epinephrine and norepinephrine secretion leading to excessive sweating, palpitations, tremulousness and hypertension
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Elevated levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, metanephrines or vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) in 24-hr urine collection or blood
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Positive Test for PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine effect on alpha-cells of pancreas
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Increased Glucagon secretion
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine effect on beta-cells of pancreas
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Inhibited release of insulin
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine effect on Liver
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Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine effect on Muscle
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glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine effect on Adipose cells
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Lipolysis
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Nonmetabolic physiologic actions of glucocorticoids on electrolyte and water balance
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Increase sodium and water retention, increase renal glomerular filtration rate tp maintain water excretion rate, and suppress ADH release from posterior pituitary
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Nonmetabolic physiologic actions of glucocorticoids on cardiovascular system
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Mainstain volume of microcirculation (cardiac output) and maintain normals vasomotor response to vasoconstricting agents
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Nonmetabolic physiologic actions of glucocorticoids on skeletal muscle
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Maintain muscle function by providing microcirculation to muscle and influence muscle mass by enhancing protein catabolism and suppression protein synthesis
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Nonmetabolic physiologic actions of glucocorticoids on central nervous system
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Maintain normal cerebral microcirculation (indirect).
Influence mood, behavior and suppress CRH, ACTH and ADH secretion (directly) |
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Nonmetabolic physiologic actions of glucocorticoids on formed elements in blood
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increased red blood cell mass and granulocyte proliferation.
Decreased lymphocyte, monocyte, and basophil proliferation |
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Nonmetabolic physiologic actions of glucocorticoids on anti-inflammatory actions
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Inhibit early and late inflammatory processes
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Nonmetabolic physiologic actions of glucocorticoids on immune-suppressant actions
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Prevent manifestations of humoral and cellular immunity.
Interfere with production of cytokines needed for immune competence via cell-to-cell communication |
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What is the action of AMYLIN secreted by pancreatic beta-cells
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1-Inhibits arginine-stimulated and postprandial glucagon secretion.
2-inhibits insulin secretion |
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What is the action of CALCINTONIN GENE-RELATED PEPTIDE (CGRP) secreted by enteric neurones and enteroendocrine cells of the rectum
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Inhibits insulin secretion
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What is the action of GALANIN
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Inhibits secretion of insulin, somatostatin, enteroglucagon, pancreatic polypeptide, and others
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What is the action of gastric inhibitory polypeptide/glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) secreted by K-cells of duodenum and jejunum
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1-Increased insulin releases
2-Regulates glucose and lipid metabolism |
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What is the action of Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) from the eneteric nervous system and pancreas
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Stimulates release of cholecystokinin; GIP, gastrin, glucogon, GLP-1, GLP-2, and somatostatin
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What is the action of Ghrelin
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Stimulates growth hormone release
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What is the action of Glucogon from alpha-cells of the pancreas
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Normalizes glucose levels in hypoglycemic state
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What is the action of Glucogonlike peptide-1 (GLP-1) from L-cells
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1-Enhances glucose disposal after meals by inhibiting glucagon secretion and stimulating insulin secretion.
2-Acts through second messengers in beta-cells to increase their sensitivity to glucose |
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What is the action of TACHYKININS released from neurons of the submucous and myenteric plexuses; enterochromaffin cells in gut epithelia
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1-Regulates vasomotor and GI smooth muscle contraction.
2-Mucus secretion and water absorption. |
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The action of GLP-1 on the PANCREAS
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1- Stimulates glucose-dependant insulin release.
2- Increased insulin biosynthesis 3- Inhibits glucagon secretion. 4- Stimulates somatostatin secretion. 5- Induces beta-cell proliferation. 6- Inhibits beta-cell apoptosis. |
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The action of GLP-1 on the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
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1- Inhibits gastric emptying
2- INhibits gastric acid secretion |
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The action of GLP-1 on the CNS
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1- Inhibits food and water intake.
2- Promotes satiety and weight loss |
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The action of GLP-1 on the Cardiovascular system
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Improves cardio function after ischemia
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The action of GIP on the PANCREAS
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1- Stimulates glucose-dependant insulin release.
2- Increased insulin biosynthesis 3- Induces beta-cell proliferation. 4- Inhibits beta-cell apoptosis. |
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The action of GIP on the GI Tract
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Inhibits gastric acid secretion
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The action of GIP on the Adipose Tissue
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1-Insulinlike lipogenic actions
2-Lipid storage |
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The action of GLP-1 on the alpha-cells of the pancreas
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Inhibits secretion of glucagon
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