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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Eicosanoids
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(Local hormones)
functions – Play role in inflammation (defense) – Initiate smooth muscle contraction – Stimulate pain receptors – Other local signaling functions |
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Autocrine stimulation
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if initiate changes in same cell where formed
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Paracrine stimulation
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if initiate changes in neighboring cells
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thyroxin-binding globulin
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carrier molecules (water-soluble proteins )
bind only one lipid-soluble molecule |
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albumin
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carrier molecules (water-soluble proteins )
others nonselective, transporting numerous lipid-soluble molecules |
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glucagon
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(water soluble: short half life: adenylate cyclase)
•released from pancreatic cells in response to low blood glucose • combines with receptors in plasma membranes of liver cells • causes increase in cAMP synthesis • causes activation of kinase A enzymes • leads to phosphorylation of specific enzymes • glucose released from liver cells |
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oxytocin
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(water soluble: short half life: phospholipase C)
• released from posterior pituitary during childbirth • binds membrane receptors of smooth muscle cells in uterus • increases production of IP3 • increases intracellular Ca2+ • causes stronger uterine muscle contractions to expel baby |
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Glucose stored within
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glycogen in liver
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fatty acids stored within
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triglycerides in adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle
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The hypothalamus
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– Has direct control over hormone release from pituitary gland
– Has indirect control over hormone release from: • thyroid and adrenal glands • liver,testes,and ovarie |
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Parathyroid gland
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1) chief cell
-secrete parathydoid hormone (regulation of Ca2+) stimulate by ↓Ca2+ →result: ↑Ca2+ 2) oxphil cell- function unknown |
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Pineal gland
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1) secrete Melatonin (regulate circadian rhythm): ↑night
controlling: hypothalamus → anterior pituitary →pineal 2) involved regulation of reproductive system synthesis gonad RH (hypothalamic H) anterior pituitary →FSH and LH |
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Pituitary gland
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– Lies inferior to the hypothalamus
– Approximately the size of a pea – Housed within sella turcica of sphenoid bone – Connected to hypothalamus by thin stalk, infundibulum – Partitioned into anterior and posterior pituitary |
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Posterior Pituitary
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– Neural part of pituitary gland
– Develops beginning the 3rd week of development – Grows from developing hypothalamus hypothalamus -(hypothalmo - hypophyseal tract) -pars nervosa -Two specific nuclei • supraoptic and paraventricular nucleus |
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supraoptic nuclei
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in Posterior Pituitary
-secrets and store: ADH Antidiuretic hormone (protein oligopepeide), Synthesized in hypothalamus by neurosecretory cells |
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paraventricular nuclei
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in Posterior Pituitary
-secrets and store oxytosin (protein oligopepeide), Synthesized in hypothalamus by neurosecretory cells |
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anterior pituitary
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– Partitioned into3 distinct areas:
• pars distalis: large anterior rounded portion • pars tuberalis: thin wrapping around infundibulum • pars intermedia, scant region between the two -Primary plexus(hypothalamus area)- Hypophyseal portal veins (network termed the hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system) - Secondary plexus (anterior pituitary area) |
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Oxytocin
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produced by paraventricular nucleus in posterior pituitary
-protein oligopeptide |
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Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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produced by supraoptic nucleus in posterior pituitary
-protein oligopeptide |
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regulatory hormones
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secreted into blood to regulate anterior pituitary hormones
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Hormones: Hypothalamus releasing into Anterior Pituitary
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1) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
2) Prolactin-releasing hormone 3) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 4) Corticotropin-releasing hormone 5) Growth hormone-releasing hormone |
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Hormones:Anterior Pituitary releasing into glands and cells
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-tropic hormones (eccept prolactin)
1) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) 2) Prolactin 3) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) 4) luteinizing hormone (LH) 5) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) 6) Growth hormone *Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) |
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tropic hormones
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• stimulated cells to secrete hormones
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Prolactin
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• regulates mammary growth and breast milk production
• may help androgen production in males |
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Growth hormone
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• stimulates cell growth and cell division • affects most body cells
• particularly affects skeletal and muscular system • stimulates liver to release insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 – have overlapping function with growth hormone targets: liver, all cells especially muscle, adipose tissue |
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insulin-like growth factor
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•released by Hepatocytes
• overlapping function with GH • responsible for greater response • stimulated to increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis – increases blood glucose levels – rise referred to as diabetogenic |
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Growth hormone target feedback – Within creased levels of GH or IGF
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Growth hormone target feedback – WithincreasedlevelsofGHorIGF
• hypothalamus stimulated to release growth hormone-inhibiting hormone • inhibits release of GH from anterior pituitary • GH release also directly inhibited by itself |
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What are the primary target organs/tissues of GH and IGF? Describe the effect on each.
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-All cells, especially bone and muscle: increased amino acid uptake and protein synthesis; stimulated mitosis and cell differentiation.
-Liver: increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. -Adipose tissue: increased lipolysis and decreased lipogenesis. |
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Pituitary dwarfism
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• inadequate growth hormone production
• due to hypothalamic or pituitary problem • short stature and low blood sugar |
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Pituitary gigantism
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• too much growth hormone • excessive growth and increased blood sugar • enormous internal organs
• die at early age if untreated |
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Melanocyte - stimulating hormone (MSH)
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• stimulates rate of melanin synthesis by melano cytes in skin
• stimulates distribution of melano cytes in skin • usually ceases prior to adulthood,except in disease |
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Hypophysectomy
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– Surgical removal of the pituitary gland
– Leads to loss of pituitary hormones – Performed for tumors in gland • may cause changes in a person’s vision • due to proximity to optic chiasm |
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Acromegaly
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• excessive growth hormone production in adult
• enlargement of bones of face,hands,and feet • increased release of glucose • internal organs increased in size • results from loss of feedback control of growth hormone |
