Endocrine, First Aid

Front 1

what are the endocrine products of the anterior pituitary gland? (7)

Back 1

1. FSH
2. LH
3. ACTH
4. GH
5. TSH
6. MSH
7. Prolactin

Front 2

which adrenal tumor is most common in adults?

Back 2

pheochromocytoma

Front 3

which adrenal tumor is most common in children?

Back 3

neuroblastoma

Front 4

how can a pheochromocytoma and nueroblastoma of the adrenal gland be differentiated with physical findings?

Back 4

pheochromocytoma will have episodic hypertension while the neuroblastoma will not

Front 5

what are the 3 cell types reponsibile for the endocrine function of the pancrease?

Back 5

1. alpha - insulin
2. beta - glucagon
3. gamma - somatostatin

Front 6

why do prolactinomas cause amenorrhea or stop ovulation?

Back 6

prolacting directly inhibits production and release of GnRH which is responsible for the release of FSH and LH

Front 7

List the pituitary hormone associated with this hypothalamic molecule and where the effect is stimulatory or inhibitory?

TRH

Back 7

1. TSH and prolactin
2. stimulatory

Front 8

List the pituitary hormone associated with this hypothalamic molecule and where the effect is stimulatory or inhibitory?

Dopamine

Back 8

1. prolactin
2. inhibitory

Front 9

List the pituitary hormone associated with this hypothalamic molecule and where the effect is stimulatory or inhibitory?

CRH

Back 9

1. ACTH
2. stimulatory

Front 10

List the pituitary hormone associated with this hypothalamic molecule and where the effect is stimulatory or inhibitory?

GHRH

Back 10

1. GH
2. stimulatory

Front 11

List the pituitary hormone associated with this hypothalamic molecule and where the effect is stimulatory or inhibitory?

Somatostatin

Back 11

1. GH
2. inhibitory

Front 12

List the pituitary hormone associated with this hypothalamic molecule and where the effect is stimulatory or inhibitory?

GnRH

Back 12

1. FSH and LH
2. stimulatory

Front 13

what is the enzyme that is essential for formation of cortisol and androgens, but not for aldosterone?

Back 13

17alpha-hydroxylase

Front 14

what are the enzymes necessary for formation of aldosterone and cortisol, but not for androgen formation?

Back 14

1. 21alpha-hydroxylase
2. 11beta-hydroxylase

Front 15

describe the levels of sex hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone one would see with a 17alpha-hydroxylase deficiency? What would BP look like?

Back 15

decrease sex hormones
decreased cortisol
increased mineralocorticoids
increased BP

Front 16

describe the levels of sex hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone one would see with a 21alpha-hydroxylase deficiency? What would BP look like?

Back 16

decreased cortisol
decreased aldosterone
increased sex hormones
decreased BP

Front 17

describe the levels of sex hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone one would see with a 11beta-hydroxylase deficiency? What would BP look like?

Back 17

decreased cortisol
decreased aldosterone
increased sex hormones
increased BP

Front 18

in what 3 ways does PTH increase serum Ca++?

Back 18

1. increases bone reabsorption
2. increases Ca++ reabsorption in kidney
3. increases 1,25 vitD which increases Ca++ absorbtion in the gut

Front 19

what effect does PTH have on serum and urine phosphate levels?

Back 19

decreases serum phosphate and increases urine phosphate (PTH = phosphate trashing hormone)

Front 20

describe the process by which vit D3 or D2 becomes 1,25-(OH2) vit D?

Back 20

get D3 from sun exposure and D2 from vegetable -> in the liver gets made into 25(OH2) vitD -> in kidney gets made into 1,25 vit D

Front 21

how does 1,25(OH2) vit D increase serum levels of phosphate and calcium?

Back 21

1. increases dietary absorbtion of calcium and phosphate
2. increases bone reabsorbtion of calcium and phosphate

Front 22

what happens when kids dont get vit D?

Back 22

rickets

Front 23

what happens when adults dont get vit D?

Back 23

rickets

Front 24

what happens when adults dont get vitamine D?

Back 24

osteomalacia - softening of the bones due to defective bone demineralization

Front 25

describe the levels of Ca++, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and PTH in hyperthyroidism?

Back 25

1. Ca++ increased
2. Phosphate decreased
3. Alkaline phosphatase increased
4. PTH increased

Front 26

describe the levels of Ca++, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and PTH in Paget's disease of the bone?

Back 26

1. Ca++ normal or increased
2. Phosphate normal
3. Alkaline phosphatase greatly increase
4. PTH normal

Front 27

describe the levels of Ca++, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and PTH in Vit D intoxication?

Back 27

1. Ca++ normal or increased
2. Phosphate increased
3. Alkaline phosphatase normal or increased
4. PTH decreased

Front 28

describe the levels of Ca++, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and PTH in osteomalacia?

Back 28

1. Ca++ decreased
2. Phosphate decreased
3. Alkaline phosphatase increased
4. PTH increased

Front 29

describe the levels of Ca++, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and PTH in Osteoporosis?

Back 29

1. Ca++ normal
2. Phosphate normal
3. Alkaline phosphatase greatly normal
4. PTH normal

Front 30

describe the levels of Ca++, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase, and PTH in renal insufficiency?

Back 30

1. Ca++ decreased
2. Phosphate increased
3. Alkaline phosphatase normal
4. PTH increased

Front 31

what cells produce PTH?

Back 31

chief cells of the parathyroid glands

Front 32

which cells produce calcitonin?

Back 32

the parafollicular cells of the thyroid

Front 33

what is the function of calcitonin?

Back 33

to oppose the actions of PTH, namely decrease bone reabsorption for Ca++,

Front 34

what is the signal which causes the release of calcitonin?

Back 34

increased serum PTH

Front 35

what are the 7 seroid/thyroid hormones?

Back 35

1. Progesterone
2. Estrogen
3. Testosterone
4. Cortisol
5. Aldosterone
6. Thyroxine
7. T3

Front 36

where is most of the bodies T3 formed?

Back 36

in the blood (T4 is converted to T3)

Front 37

what are the 4 main functions of T3? (hint the 4 B's)

Back 37

1. Brain maturation
2. Bone growth
3. Beta-adrenergic effects
4. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) increase

Front 38

describe the process by which cortisol release is induced from the zona fasiculata in the andrenal cortex?

Back 38

hypothalamus produces CRH which causes pituitary to release ACTH which causes adrenal cortex to release cortisol

Front 39

in the blood, what binds cortisol?

Back 39

corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG)

Front 40

what are the 5 functions of cortisol?

Back 40

1. anti-inflammatory
2. increase gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, and proteolysis
3. decrease immune function
4. maintain BP
5. decrease bone formation