Endocrine Disorders: Pituitary Disoders (Lasku)

Front 1

What is responsible for 10% of intracranial neoplasms in adults?

Back 1

pituitary adenomas

Front 2

how are pituitary adenomas formed?

Back 2

there is a mutation in the GTP-binding proteins, this results in G-proteins remaining in the activated phase, causing uncontrolled proliferation.

Front 3

1)morphology of pituitary adenomas
2)define invasive adenoma
3)pituitary apoplexy
4)mass effect

Back 3

1) benign, soft lesion found in the sella turcica may compress optic chiasm or cranial nerves
2)adenomas that infiltrate the bone
3)acute hemorrhage into an adenoma associated with enlarging mass
4)nausea, vomiting, headache

Front 4

microadenoma of adenohypophysis

Back 4

may appear in 1-5% of adults; these rarely have significant hormonal output that leads to clinical disease

Front 5

clinical features of pituitary adenomas

Back 5

endocrine abnormalities and mass effect
visual issues (bitemporal hemianopsia)
hypopituitarism
acute hemorrhage

Front 6

prolactinomas

Back 6

1)the most common hyperfunctioning pituitary adenoma
2)composed of acidophilic and chromophobic cells; large or small
3)secrete prolactin
4)causes: amenorrhea, galactorrhea, loss of libido, infertility

Front 7

growth horomone adenomas

Back 7

1)second of functioning pituitary adenomas
2)acidophilic or chromophobic cells; large
3)secretion of too much GH stimulating the release of insulin-like growth factor which manifests in gigantism and acromegaly

Front 8

acromegaly vs gigantism

Back 8

both are the result of two much GH
A: is the result of the growth hormone adenoma occuring after the epiphyseal closure, causing horizontal growth, growth of soft tissues
G: happens if adenoma begins secreting before epiphyseal plates have closed

Front 9

corticotroph cell adenomas
2)Nelson's syndrome

Back 9

basophilic or chromophobic cells that produce too much ACTH, which causes hypercortisolism and Cushing's disease
2)large destructive ademona after surgical removal of adrenals for treatment of Cushing's syndrome

Front 10

Gonadotroph adenomas

Back 10

secrete FSH or LH without any clinical syndrome

Front 11

Null cell adenomas

Back 11

these adenomas do not produce hormones, but can induce hypopitutarism or pituitary apoplexy due to mass effect

Front 12

hypopituitarism

Back 12

decreased secretion of pituitary hormones

Front 13

causes of hypopituitarism

Back 13

tumors, surgery, pituitary apoplexy, Sheehan syndrome (necrosis of pituitary gland), Empty sella turcica

Front 14

clinical manifestations of hypopituitarism

Back 14

lowered fxn of adrenal cortex, thyroid, and gonads
pallor
atrophy of genitalia
amenorrhea
impotence
loss of libido
loss of pubic and axillary hair

Front 15

posterior pituitary syndrome is known as __ and caused by___

Back 15

diabetes insipitus (ADH insufficiency); trauma to head, tumors, inflammatory disorders of hypothalamus and pituitary
surgery

Front 16

diabetes insipitis pts present with

Back 16

polyuria, increased serum Na+ and osmolarity, thirst, polydipsia, dehydration

Front 17

SIADH causes and is caused by

Back 17

syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion causes retention of water and hyponatremia; malignant neoplams such as squamous cell carcinoma

Front 18

clincal presentation of SIADH

Back 18

hyponatremia, cerebral edema, neurological dysfunciton; no peripheral edema

Front 19

hypothalamic suprasella tumors; morphology

Back 19

gliomas and craniopharyngiomas; solid, encapsulated, cystic, or multiloculated, nodules 3-4cm in size with calcifications
Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma are nest of stratified squmous or columnar epithelium embedded in a spongy reticulum with cysts and keratin formation, calcification, and inflammatory rxn.
Papillary craniopharyngioma is a solid tumor of squamous cells

Front 20

gliomas and craniopharyngiomas are more common in ___ and present as ____

Back 20

children and adolescence; growth retardation

Front 21

in adults gliomas and craniopharyngiomas cause___

Back 21

visual disturbances and diabetes insipitus

Front 22

how are craniopharyngiomas formed

Back 22

it is derived from remnants of Rathke's pouch; it erodes bone and infiltrates into surrounding structures that is difficult to eradicate; the cystic spaces in this tumor are filled with oily fluid