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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
GH and prolactin are secreted by the _____ pituitary and are (acidophilic/basophilic).
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anterior; acidophilic
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ACTH, FSH, LH and TSH are secreted by the _____ pituitary and are (acidophilic/basophilic).
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anterior, basophilic
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ACTH is a ________troph, TSH is a ______troph, and FSH and LH are ____trophs.
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acth corticotroph, tsh thyrotroph, fsh and lh gonadotroph
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ADH and oxytosin are released from the ______ and produced in the ________.
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posterior pituitary; hypothalamus
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Hyperpituitarism is usually caused by an ______ of the ______ lobe of the pituitary
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adenoma; anterior
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Adenomas of the pituitary produce an excess of multiple hormones secreted by that part of the pituitary
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false (amost true), usually produces excess of one type of hormone
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Pituitary adenomas are present in ___% of autopsied people.
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25%
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_________ is the most common hyperfunctioning pituitary andenoma causing amenorrhea, loss of libido, infertility and glactorrhea.
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Prolactinoma
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GH adenoma before poohberty causes ______; after pooberty ______.
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before gigantism; after acromegaly
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Cushings disease is condidered a _____ adenoma causing an increased production of _____.
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corticotroph, glucocorticoids (as happens in hyperproduction of ACTH)
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Pituitary _______ include prolactinoma, GH (somatotroph) and corticotroph adenomas as well as null-cell, gonadotroph, thyrotroph and mixed adenomas. These are all forms of hyper-hypo-pituitarism?
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adenomas, hyper**
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_________ syndrome is a partial pituitary hypofunction caused by herniation of arachnoid matter into the sella usually due to a membrane defect. It is usually seen in obese women with _________ pregnancies.
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Empty sella syndrome, multiple
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Anterior pitutitary hypofunction due to postpartum ischemic necrosis-
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Sheehan's Syndrome
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_______ resembles an ameloblastoma derived from remnant ectodermal tissue of ______ pouch causing a slow growing neoplasm.
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Craniopharyngioma, Rathke's
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Most frequesnt cause of hypopituitarism is ________.
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non-secretory pituitary adenomas
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An abrupt enlargement of a pituitary adenoma due to acute hemorrhage within the tumor is calld a ______.
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pituitary apoplexy
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No signifiact clinical abnormalities are shon due to abnormal amounts of which hormone? (hint: posterior pituitary)
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oxytocin
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ADH oversecretion is most often due to
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ADH producing tumor such (eg. oat cel carcinoma of the lung)
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Over secreation of ADH causes __________ a syndrome that results in renal retention of water with an inablilty to diulte causing hyponatremia (low Na+)
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Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
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Destruction of the posterior pituitary leads to ADH undersecretion causing _______.
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diabetes insipidus
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The thyroid gland stores _________ which is converted to T3 and T4 under the influence of TSH. Parafollicular (C-cells) synthesize and secrete _______.
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thyroglobulin, calcitonin (inc. Ca+ absorption)
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Warm skin, sweating, heat intolerance, hypermotility of GI tract, increased apetite, osteoporisis, iritabitly, tachycardia, arrhythmias, exopthalmos, fine oily hair and muscle weakness are symptoms of ________.
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hyperthyroidism
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The most common causes of hyperthyroidism include: Graves disease, excess ingested TSH, goiters and _______.
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adenomas
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A patient suddenly manifests high fever, tachycardiam arrhythmias and hypertension due to hyperthyroidism. The patient is suffering from a ________.
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thyroid storm
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what should you do in a thyroid storm (sudden attack of hyperthyroidism)
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stop dental proceedure, give O2, take vitals, give nitroglycerin and call 911
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Which is not a form of Hypothyroidism: Hashimotos, cretinism, myxedema, Grave's disease.
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Graves = hyper
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Cells of the thyroid are ineffiecient in converting iodine to thyroid hormone causing enlargement. Thyroid tissue is then replaced by lymphocytes causing inflamation and primary hypothyroidism in this disease.
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hashimotos thyroditis
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______thyroidism in infancy due to dietary iodine deficiency causes wide set eyes, coarse facial features, protruding tongue and umbilicus and severe mental retardation (think eric) are manifestations of ________.
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hypo-, cretinism
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______ is a kind of an version of cretinsm (lethargy,mental slowness, cold intolerance, broad face, tongue enlargement, coarse dry hair)
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myxedema
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Cretinism occurs in ______ while myxedema in _______. Both are forms of ____thyroidism.
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infants, late childhood-adult, hypo
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______ is the most common cause of primary (endogenous) hyperthyroidism.
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graves disease
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Graves disease is manifested in 3 ways: pretibial myxedema (thickening of the skin over legs and dorsal foot), bulging eyes (exopthamos), and ________.
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thyroxicosis (hyperthyroidism)
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Graves disease is (hyper/hypo)secretion of what hormone and is most common in which gender
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hyperthyroidism, female 7:1
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HLA-DRS is to _____ as HLA DR3 is to _____
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non-specific lyphoid thyroiditis ; graves disease
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Either sporadic or endemic hyperplasia of the thyroid is referred to as a ______ goiter.
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Diffuse non-toxic goiter
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The most common cause of hypthyroidism in usa is?
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hashimotos thyroditis
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Types of thyroiditis include non-specific, hashimoto's, subacute granulomatous and ______.
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Reidel's
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Non-specific lymphoid thyroiditis is commonly found in (males/females) and shows mild gland enlargement with no ________ centers.
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germinal
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What autoimmune disease increases the risk of b-cell lymphoma, is more commonly found in females and is characterized histologically by Hurthle cells?
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hashimotos thyroditis
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Auto antibodies associated with Hashimotos include: anti- thyroid, thyroglobulin, TSH and iodine _________.
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receptors
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T/F de Quervain's thyroiditis is synonymous with subacute (granulomatous) thyroiditis, causing acute onset granulomatous inflamation.
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TRUE
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Fibrous tissue replaces normal thyroid tissue in ________ thyroiditis.
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Reidel's
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Thyroid neoplasms are usually benign? T/F
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TRUE
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Benign thyroid adenomas cause papillary change. T/F
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false
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Of the four main subtypes of thyroid carcinomas, papilary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic, which is most common?
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Papilary 75-80%
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Papilary projections containing ground glass, clear "orphan annie" nuclei are seen in _______ which typically has a good prognosis even when adjacent lymph nodes are invloved.
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papillary carcinoma
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Prognosis for papillary carcinoma of the thyroid is ______, anaplastic (undifferentiated) carcinoma of thyroid is _____.
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good, poor
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Medulary carcinoma arises from ________ cells causing secretion of calcitonin. It normally presents as a neck mass in 50-60 years of age and can be associated with
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parafolicular (C-cells), MEN syndrome Iia and IIb (III)
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Uniform folicles invading surrounding tissue and "cold" nodules are characterisitc of _______.
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follicular carcinoma of the thyroid
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T/F The parathyroid is stimulated hormonally?
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False - [Ca+] decrease --> stimulates osteoclasts, increased renal asn GI absorption Ca+, inc vit D synthesis
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Primary hyperparathyroidism is most often caused by ____ or _____ of the glands.
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adenoma, hyperplasia
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Stones groans moans and bones refers to what disorder
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primary hyperparathyroidism
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Increased serum phosphorus and decreased serum alkaline phosphatase occur in hyperparathyroidism. T/F
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False - other way around
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The most common cause of secondary hyperparathyroidism is ________.
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renal failure
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Hypoparathyroidism is less common and usually caused iatrogenically, or in rare instances by DiGeorge's syndrome and is accompanied by two signs _______ and ______.
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Chvostek's (unilateral spasm in face by tapping on facial nerve), Trouseau's (hand/arm in tetany position similar to nerve compression)
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The adrennal cortex secretes __________, _________, and ________
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glucocorticoids (cortisol), Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone), androgens
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Which is not a form of adrenal hyperfuction: Cushing's, Hyperaldosteronism (Conn's), Virilism, Addison's
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Addison's is hypo
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Cushings disease is an increased production of _____, that cuases adrenal (atrophy/hypertrophy)
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glucocorticoids, atrophy or hypertrophy (****depending on whether it is caused by exogenous corticosteroids being administered (atrophy) or an adrenal or ectopic tumor producing ACTH (hyperplasia))
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Which is not a symptom of Cushing's: moon face, buffalo hump, weight gain, extremity muscle wasting, stretch marks, osteoporosis, menstrual abnormalities, hirsutism, mental disturbances, hypertension, glycosuria, increased ACTH.
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increased ACTH, Cushing's = dec. ACTH (hypo)
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The most common form of Cushing's is caused by _________.
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exogenous steroid medications
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cushing's syndrome can be caused by adrenal tumor producing cortisol. This causes nodular hyperplasia.
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true; true
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Hyperaldosteronism causes Na+ retention, K+ excretion and hypertension. T/F
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TRUE
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An example of _____ hyperaldosteronism is Conn's syndrome which is due to _______ serum renin caused by negative feed back of hypertension.
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primary, decreased
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secondary aldosteronism is due to renal ischemia, edema or nephroticsyndrome and exhibits _______ serum renin.
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increased *** opposite of primary
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Adrenal virulism is caused by ____ defects or a ____ of the adrenal cortex producing virulism in females and precocious pubecent males.
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enzymatic, tumor (virulism = hyper-aldosteronism)
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Adrenal hypofunction (hypocorticism) is characterized by a ____ of glucocorticoids and often mineralcorticoids.
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deficiency
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Which is not a symptom of Addison's disease: somnolence, cardiac problems, hyperpigmentation, adrenal hypertrophy, weight loss, amenorrhea, loss of pubes (hotcoles still dosen't have any) and muscle weakness.
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Hypertrophy is wrong. Addison's = hypocorticism = atrophy of adrenals
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Tb was once the most common cause of Addison's but now it is due to _________ adrenal atrophy.
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idiopathic/autoimmune
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Which two diseases are asssociated with adrenal hypofuncion
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addisions' and waterhous-friderichsen disease
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Waterhous-friderichsen disease is caused by a _____ collapse often associated with ___.
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vascular, DIC (sepsis from meningococcal meningitis)
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The rule of tens applies to ___________ which is overproduction of epinephrine, norepinephrine and VMA that causes hypertension.
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pheochromocytoma (rule = 10% bilateral, 10% children, 10% malignant)
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Pheochromocytoma can be corrected surgically. T/F
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TRUE
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________ is a highly malignant catacholamine-producing tumor of early childhood (0-3 yrs) presenting as an ________ mass causing hypertension.
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neuroblastoma, abdominal
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes are autosomal ______ in which one or more endocrine organs is ________.
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dominant, hyperfunctional
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MEN 1 is commonly called _____, linked to chromosome ___ , which causes tumors of the 3 p's: pituitary, _______ and pancrease.
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Wermer syndrome, 11, pancrease (not penis you perv)
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More than one of the following are involved: pituitary, parathyroid, pancreatic islets, adrenal cortex
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MEN I (wermer syndrome)
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Sipple syndrome is also called ____. Nearly all have medullary carcinoma of the ______ which is usually multifocal and aggressive.
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MEN II, thyroid
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MEN II (Sipple) is linked to chromosome 10 and causes ____ of the parathyroid (hyperparathyroidism).
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hyperplasia
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MEN Iib (MEN III) is simliar to MEN ___, but does not cuase hyperparathyroiditis. It is linked to mutations of the ret proto-oncogene and include pheocytochroma, medullary carcinoma and _______.
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Iia (Sipple), oral mucosal neuromas
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