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20 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The word hormone is derived from the Greek "hormaein" which means
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to excite or arouse
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Hormones generally fall into one of three chemical classifications
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1) proteins or peptides
2) amino acid derivatives 3) steroids |
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This regulatory mechanism in the endocrine system is considered to be a "Hallmark" feature of this system.
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Feedback regulation
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Individual hormones often regulate processes in one (or more) of four general physiological categories
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1) the production of metabolic energy, use, storage
2) salt and water balance 3) growth and development 4) reproductive function |
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The most common type of feedback regulation in the endocrine system is negative feedback / positive feedback regulation.
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Negative feedback regulation
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Some hormones are released into the _________ while others are released into the _______ ________.
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blood, interstitial fluid
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Hormones released into the interstitial fluid reach the target cell by ___________.
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diffusion
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If a hormone released into interstial fluid, that diffuses to, and affects neighboring cells exerts _______ effects.
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paracrine
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When a cell that secretes a hormone is also the target cell for that hormone this in an __________ mechanism.
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autocrine
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Hormones that enter the blood and are carried to distant target cells do so by an ________ mechanism.
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endocrine
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Protein, peptide, and amine hormones are generally water- soluble / fat soluble and thus travel in the blood freely / bound to a protein carrier.
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water soluble, freely
(see thyroxine exception) |
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Fat-soluble hormones such as ________ must use carrier proteins to travel in blood.
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steroids
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Fat-soluble hormones enter the cell by ______ through the cell membrane while water-soluble hormones must
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diffuse, bind to specific membrane receptors
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Receptors for water-soluble hormones are generally found
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on the surface of the cell membrane
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Fat-soluble hormones, after diffusing through the membrane, interact with _______ _________ in the cytoplasm or nucleoplasm.
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specific receptors
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Fat-soluble hormones and thyroxine are carried in the blood via two types of transport proteins
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1) specific transport proteins
2) albumin and transthyretin |
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Specific transport proteins generally bind their specific hormone with high/low affinity and high / low specificity.
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high, high
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Some hormones are carried in the blood by both specific and non-specific protein carriers.
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True
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Albumin and transthyretin bind water-insoluble hormones with _______ affinity and specficity.
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low
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The binding of hormones to plasma proteins occurs according to a simple chemical equilibrium.
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True
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