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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is composed mostly of glands? |
The endocrine system |
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What is secreted and moves through the bloodstream to target cells? |
Hormones |
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What are the 10 major glands of the endocrine system? |
Hypothalamous, posterior pituitary gland, anterior pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands, pancreas, testes, ovaries, and thymus |
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What secretes their products into ducts that carry these products to other organs or outside the body? |
Exocrine glands |
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What secretes their products directly into the bloodstream? |
Endocrine glands |
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What are chemical agents that promote communication between cells, body parts, and even individuals that also target specific cells? |
Hormones |
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What are two types of hormones? |
Peptide hormones (binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane which then activates a cascade of enzymes) and steroid hormones (lipids that enter a cell and affect gene activity and protein synthesis) |
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What is controlled by hypothalamic-releasing and hypothalamic-inhibiting hormones? |
Anterior pituitary gland |
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What are the 4 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary? |
Thyroid stimulating hormone (stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroid hormones), gonadotropic hormones (stimulate gonads to produce sex cells and homrones), prolactin (stimulates mammary glands to develop and produce milk only after child birth), growth hormone (promotes skeletal and musclar growth) |
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What happens when too little GH is produced during childhood and results in small stature? |
Pituitary dwarfism |
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What happens when too much GH is produced during childhood and results in large stature and poor health? |
Gigantism
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What happens when too much GH is produced as an adult and results in larger than normal feet, hands, and face? |
Acromegaly |
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What is the large gland located below the larynx? |
The thyroid |
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What is needed in the diet to allow the thyroid gland to produce its hormones? |
Iodine |
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What are the two things the thyroid produces? |
Thyroid hormone (regulates metabolism) and calcitonin (helps lower blood CA2+ levels by stimulating calcium storage in the bones) |
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What are the small glands embedded in the surface of the thyroid gland? |
Parathyroid glands |
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What produces the parathyroid hormone? |
Parathyroid glands |
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What are the glands that sit on top of the kidneys? |
Adrenal glands |
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What are the two parts of each adrenal gland? |
Adrenal medulla (inner portion of gland controlled by the nervous system) and Adrenal cortex (portions are controlled by a hormone released from the anterior pituitary) |
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What is the fish-shaped organ behind the stomach? |
Pancreas
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What are the two tissues the pancreas is composed of? |
Exocrine (produces and secretes digestive enzymes) and Endocrine (produces and secretes hormones) |
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What are the two hormones the pancreas secretes? |
Insulin (secreted when the blood glucose is high), and Glucagon (secreted when the blood glucose is low) |
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What is the inability to control blood glucose called? |
Diabetes |
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How many people in the US have diabetes? |
25.8 million |
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What are the gonads found in males? |
Testes |
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What produces testosterone? |
Testes |
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What is the function of testosterone? |
Stimulates growth of the penis and testes, responsible for male sex characteristics such as facial, underarm, and pubic hair, prompts the larynx and vocal cords to enlarge, resulting in a lower voice, and promotes musclar strength |
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What are the gonalds found in females? |
Ovaries |
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What produces estrogen and progesterone? |
Ovaries |
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What are composed of seminiferous tubules where sperm are produced and interstitial cells where sex hormones are produces? |
Testes |
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What are sacs that hold the testes and help regulate the temperature of the testes? |
The scrotum |
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What helps sperm amture and are stored here |
Epididymis |
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What transports sperm to the urethra |
Vas deferens |
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What transports sperm out of the body? |
Urethra |
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What produces a sugary fluid that provides energy for the sperm? |
Seminal vesicles |
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What produces an alkaline fluid to help buffer the acidic pH of the vagina? |
Prostate gland |
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What produces mucus that acts as a lubricant? |
Bulbourethral glands |
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What is the organ that is used for sexual intercourse and urination? |
Penis |
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What is the tip of the penis, usually covered by foreskin that is intensely sensitive? |
Glans penis |
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What is the removal of all or part of the foreskin? |
Circumcision |
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What occurs when the erectile tissue does not expand enough to compress the veins? |
Erectile dysfunction |
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What are two large folds of fatty skin? |
Labia majora
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What are two small folds just inside the labia majora that contain openings to the urethra and vagina? |
Labia minora
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What is the fatty skin covered in course hair? |
Mons pubis
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What is the female erectile organ? |
Clitoris |
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What procues eggs and sex hormones? |
Ovaries
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What moves eggs and is the normal site of fertilization? |
Oviducts |
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What is the normal site of implantation and fetal development |
Uterus |
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What is the opening to the uterus that can dilate during childbirth? |
Cervix |
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What is the birth canal and copulatory organ of the female? |
Vagina |
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An ovary contains many of these, each containing an immature egg |
Follicles |
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One follicle matures each month from puberty up until this point of time |
Menopause |
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This is the monthly release of an oocyte from the ovary when a follicle ruptures |
Ovulation |
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what are the two phases of the ovarian cycle? |
Follicular phase (FSH promotes development of a follicle that scretes estrogen, ovulation around day 14 in 28 day cycle) and luteal phase (LH promotes development of the corpous luteum that secretes progesterone, if no pregnancy, then menstruation) |
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What happens during days 1-5 of the uterine cycle? |
Low levels of estrogen and progesterone cause the inner uterine lining endometrium to disintegrate, and menstruation occurs |
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What happens during days 6-13 (proliferative phase) of uterine cycle? |
Increase in estrogen causes the endometrium to thicken |
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What happens during day 14 of the uterine cycle? |
Ovulation usually occurs
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What happens during days 15-28 of the uterine cycle? |
Increase in progesterone causes endometreium to double or triple in thickness in preparation for the developing embryo |
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What is the union of a sperm and egg nucleus to form a zygote? |
Fertilization |
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What begins with implantation? |
Pregnancy
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What has only 23 chromosomes in their nuclei? |
Gametes
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Cells that have only 1 of each pair of chromosomes are called what? |
Haploid |
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Cells that have pairs of chromosomes are called? |
Diploid |
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During fertilization, a sperm and egg combine together to form a what? |
Zygote |
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What blocks FSH and LH release to stop follicular development and ovulation? |
Birth control pills
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Contraceptive injections of hormones (progesterone and/or estrogen) do what? |
Stop ovulation |
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What uses synthetic progesterone to provent ovulation? |
Contraceptive implants |
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What is a small plastic piece inserted into the uterus to prevent implantation? |
IUD
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What block fertilization |
Male and female condoms |
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What is a soft latex cup that covers the cervix so sperm cannot enter the uterux? |
Diaphragm |
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What consists of cutting and sealing the vas deferns? |
Vasectomy |
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What consists of cutting and sealing the oviducts? |
Tubal ligation |
