Endocrine And Nervous Systems

Front 1

General functions of the Nervous system:

Back 1

receiving stimuli (sensory), deciding about stimuli (integrative), and reacting to stimuli (motor)

Front 2

CNS:

Back 2

brain and spinal cord

Front 3

PNS:

Back 3

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

Front 4

Epineurium

Back 4

covers and holds together outer surface of nerves

Front 5

Perineurium

Back 5

covers and holds together each fasicle

Front 6

Endoneurium

Back 6

covers and holds together a neuron

Front 7

Bipolar neuron

Back 7

two processes-found in eyes, ears, and nose

Front 8

Unipolar neuron

Back 8

one process, ganglia of PNS, sensory

Front 9

Multipolar neuron

Back 9

99% of neurons, many processes, most neurons of CNS

Front 10

Sensory neuron

Back 10

afferent, carry impulse to CNS, most unipolar, some bipolar

Front 11

Interneuron

Back 11

link neurons, aka association/internuncial,, multipolar, located in CNS

Front 12

Motor neuron

Back 12

multipolar, carry impulse away from CNS to effectors

Front 13

Schwann cell (PNS)

Back 13

produce myelin found on peripheral myelinated neurons and speed up neurotransmission

Front 14

Satellite cell (PNS)

Back 14

support clusters of neuron cell bodies (ganglia)

Front 15

Microglia

Back 15

phagocytic, structural support, immune function

Front 16

Astrocytes

Back 16

scar tissue, mop up excess ions, aid in metabolism of certain substances, form blood-brain barrier

Front 17

Oligodendrocytes

Back 17

myelinating cells

Front 18

Ependyma(l)

Back 18

ciliated, line central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain, help regulate composition of CSF

Front 19

Action Potential

Back 19

At rest, membrane is polarized, threshold stimulus reached, sodium channels open (rushing in) and depolarize the membrane, potassium leaves cytoplasm and repolarizes membrane, and then a brief period of hyperpolarization sets in.

Front 20

Structure of the spinal cord:

Back 20

anterior median fissure, gray matter, anterior horns, central canal, gray commissure, posterior horns, posterior median sulcus, ventral roots, dorsal root ganglion, dorsal root, later and medial funiculi

Front 21

Components of a Reflex Arc:

Back 21

receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center (CNS), motor neuron, effector

Front 22

# of spinal nerves:

Back 22

31 in all--> 8 cervical, 12 thoracic (intercostal), 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, 1 coccygeal

Front 23

Cervical plexus

Back 23

anterior branches of C1-C4 spinal nerves, C3-C4-C5 nerve roots contribute to phrenic nerve to elevate diaphragm

Front 24

Brachial plexus

Back 24

anterior branches of C5-T1, 5 branches: musculocutaneous, ulnar, median, radial, and axillary nerves

Front 25

Lumbosacral plexus

Back 25

anterior branches of L1-S5, 3 branches: obturator, femoral, and sciatic nerves

Front 26

Functions of Brain:

Back 26

interprets sensations, determines perception, stores memory, reasoning, makes decisions, coordinates muscular movements, regulates visceral activities, determines personality

Front 27

Corpus Callosum

Back 27

connects two cerebral hemispheres

Front 28

Gyri

Back 28

bumps or convolutions

Front 29

Sulci

Back 29

grooves in gray matter

Front 30

Fissures

Back 30

longitudinal--separates the cerebral hemispheres, transverse--separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

Front 31

Frontal lobes

Back 31

carry on higher intellectual processes for concentrating, planning, complex problem solving, and judging consequences of behavior

Front 32

Parietal lobes

Back 32

provide sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, and pain involving skin

Front 33

Temporal lobes

Back 33

responsible for hearing

Front 34

Occipital lobes

Back 34

responsible for vision

Front 35

Diencephalon

Back 35

controls emotional experiences & produces feelings like rage, anger, pleasure/ survival behavior / interprets sensory impulses associated with smell

Front 36

Thalamus

Back 36

sensory relay station (all but smell)

Front 37

Hypothalamus

Back 37

maintains homeostasis by regulating visceral activities and links nervous & endocrine systems

Front 38

Brainstem

Back 38

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Front 39

Midbrain

Back 39

contains corpora quadrigemina that are the centers for visual and auditory reflexes

Front 40

Pons

Back 40

helps regulate rate and depth of breathing and relays nerve impulses to and from medulla oblongata and cerebellum

Front 41

Medulla Oblongata

Back 41

Conducts ascending/descending impulses between brain and spinal cord. Contains cardiac, vasomotor, and respiratory control centers and various nonvital reflex control centers i.e. sneezing

Front 42

Reticular Formation

Back 42

complex network of nerve fibers scattered throughout brain stem that filter incoming sensory information and arouse cerebral cortex in state of wakefulness

Front 43

Cerebellum

Back 43

integrates sensory information concerning position of body parts, coordinates skeletal muscle activity, and maintains posture.

Front 44

Dura Mater

Back 44

outermost layer of CNS

Front 45

Arachnoid Mater

Back 45

middle layer of CNS contains CSF

Front 46

Pia Mater

Back 46

innermost layer of CNS

Front 47

CN I

Back 47

Olfactory--olfactory epithelium--smell

Front 48

CN II

Back 48

Optic--retina--vision

Front 49

CN III

Back 49

Occulomotor--midbrain--eye movement; accomodation

Front 50

CN IV

Back 50

Trochlear--midbrain--eye movement (superior oblique)

Front 51

CN V

Back 51

Trigeminal--pons--sensation to face; chewing

Front 52

CN VI

Back 52

Abducens--pons--eye movement (lateral rectus)

Front 53

CN VII

Back 53

Facial--pons--facial expression; taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue

Front 54

CN VIII

Back 54

Vestibulocochlear--pons--hearing and balance

Front 55

CN IX

Back 55

Glossopharyngeal--medulla-salivation; swallowing; taste to posterior 1/3 of tongue

Front 56

CN X

Back 56

Vagus--medulla-digestion; taste to pharynx

Front 57

CN XI

Back 57

Accessory--medulla--movement of trapezius and SCM muscles

Front 58

CN XII

Back 58

Hypoglossal--medulla-movement of tongue

Front 59

Precentral Gyrus

Back 59

motor functions

Front 60

Postcentral Gyrus

Back 60

sensory functions

Front 61

ANS

Back 61

functions automatically, controls visceral activities, regulates smooth and cardiac muscle, and glands, and has efferent fibers that typically lead to ganglia outside of the CNS

Front 62

Sympathetic ANS

Back 62

prepares body for 'flight or flight' response

Front 63

Parasympathetic ANS

Back 63

prepares body for 'resting and digesting' activities

Front 64

ANS Nerve Fibers

Back 64

all neurons are motor

Front 65

Preganglionic fibers

Back 65

axons of preganglionic neurons with cell bodies in CNS

Front 66

Postganglionic fibers

Back 66

axons of postganglionic neurons with cell bodies in ganglia outside CNS

Front 67

of Autonomic Neurotransmitters

Back 67

only postganglionic sympathetic fibers are adrenergic (release norepinephrine)

Front 68

enzyme acetylcholinesterase rapidly decomposes

Back 68

acetylcholine that cholinergic fibers release

Front 69

The Endocrine and Nervous systems both

Back 69

communicate by using chemical signals

Front 70

The Nervous system releases

Back 70

neurotransmitters into synapses affecting postsynaptic cells for a faster short-lived response

Front 71

The Endocrine system releases

Back 71

hormones into the bloodstream to specific target cell receptors for a slower long-lasting respone

Front 72

Endocrine glands

Back 72

are ductless and secrete hormones into the body

Front 73

Exocrine glands

Back 73

have ducts that lead to the external surface of the body

Front 74

Down Regulation

Back 74

# of receptors decrease when hormone is in excess-target cell less responsive

Front 75

Up Regulation

Back 75

# of receptors increase when hormone is deficient-target cell more sensitive

Front 76

Steroid hormones

Back 76

lipid-soluble travel bound to transport proteins--receptor inside cell

Front 77

Non-steroid hormones

Back 77

water-soluble travel in blood in their free form

Front 78

Amines

Back 78

formed from amino acids

Front 79

Peptides

Back 79

formed from amino acids

Front 80

Proteins

Back 80

formed from amino acids

Front 81

Glycoproteins

Back 81

formed from protein and carbohydrate

Front 82

Steroids

Back 82

formed from cholesterol

Front 83

Permissive effect

Back 83

hormone needs another hormone present to do its job

Front 84

Synergistic effect

Back 84

2 hormones together act stronger than acting alone

Front 85

Antagonistic effect

Back 85

1 hormone opposes the action of another while functioning together to reach homeostasis

Front 86

Hormone-Receptor Complex

Back 86

combined steroid hormone and specific protein receptor bind within the nucleus to a particular region of the DNA to activate/inhibit specific genes

Front 87

cAMP is a "second messenger" because:

Back 87

it carries on the message for an action of systhesizing a protein or activating an enzyme

Front 88

Two general mechanisms of hormone action:

Back 88

get secreted by endocrine gland to enter target cell and then complete action to produce hormone's effect

Front 89

Location and Relationship between Hypothalamus and Pituitary gland:

Back 89

the pituitary gland sits anterior and and inferior to the hypothalamus--hypothalamic releasing hormones stimulate pituitary to release hormones--nerve impulses from hypothalamus stimulate those in pituitary to release hormones

Front 90

Anterior Pituitary Gland:

Back 90

lies at base of brain in sella turcica--has secretory cells--releases hormones as a result of hypothalamic releasing hormones--contains: GH, PRL, TSH, ACTH, LH, and FSH