Endocrine And Nervous System

Front 1

Antidiurectic Hormone (ADH) is a posterior pituitary hormone (Neurohypophysis)

Back 1

Targets the Kidney to increase water reabsorption (so that water can return to the blood)

Hint 1

Disorder that has it Hyposecretion causes diabetes insipidus. Hypersecretion causes syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)

Front 2

Oxytocin is a posterior pituitary hormones (neurohypophysis)

Back 2

Targets Uterus to stimulate uterine contractions; to initiate labor. and targets breasts to promote milk secretion from the mammary glands

Hint 2

un known disorder

Front 3

Adrenocaorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Anterior pituitary hormones (adenohypophysis)

Back 3

Targets the Adrenal cortex to promote secretions of some hormones by adrenal cortex, especially cortisol

Hint 3

some disorders Hyposecretion is rare hypersecretion causes Cushing disease.

Front 4

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Anterior pituitary hormones (adenohypophysis)

Back 4

Targets the Ovaries in females, stimulates egg production; increases secretion of estrogen. Targets the Testes in males, stimulates sperm production.

Hint 4

disorders: Hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation. Hypersecretion has no known important effects.

Front 5

Growth hormone (GH) or somatotropin

Back 5

Targets the Bone, cartilage, liver, muscle and other tissues to stimulate somatic growth; increases use of fats for energy.

Hint 5

Hyposecretion in children causes pituitary dwarfism. disorders: Hypersecretion in children causes gigantism; hypersecretion in adults causes acromegaly

Front 6

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Back 6

Targets the Ovaries in females, promotes ovulation; stimulates production of estrogen and progesterone. Targets the testes in males, promotes secretion of testosterone.

Hint 6

disorders: Hyposecretion causes failure of sexual maturation. Hypersecretion has no known important effects.

Front 7

Prolactin

Back 7

Targets Breasts in conjunction with other hormones, promotes lactation

Hint 7

disorders; Hyposecretion in nursing mothers causes poor lactation. Hypersecretion in nursing mothers causes galactorrhea.

Front 8

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Back 8

Targets the Thyroid gland to stimulate secretion of the thyroid hormone.

Hint 8

disorders Hyposecretion in infants causes cretinism; disorders; hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema. Hypersecretion causes Graves disease, exophthalmos.

Front 9

Calcitonin (Thyroid Hormones)

Back 9

In conjuction with parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitonin helps to regulate calcium levels in the blood Decreases elevated calcium levels to maintain homeostasis.

Hint 9

disorders: Calcitonin exerts its most important effects in childhood when the bones are growing and changing dramatically in mass, size and shape.

Front 10

Thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)

Back 10

Increases energy production from all food types. Increases rate of protein synthesis

Hint 10

disorders: Hyposecretion in infants causes cretinism; hyposecretion in adults causes myxedema. Hypersecretion causes Graves disease, exophthalmos

Front 11

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 11

targets: bones to increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bone to blood. Targets the kidneys to increase calcium absorption and phosphate exretion. Targets the small intestine to increase absorption of calcium and phosphate.

Hint 11

Disorder: Hyposecretion causes tetany. Hypersecretion causes osteitis fibrosa cystica

Front 12

Glucororticoids (mainly cortisol) Adrenal cortex hormones

Back 12

Targets body cells to promote gluconeogenesis to regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, and fats; also to help depress inflammatory and immune responses.

Hint 12

Disorders Hyposecretion causes Addison disease. Hypersecretion causes Cushing syndrome

Front 13

Mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone) (adrenal cortex hormones)

Back 13

Targets Kidneys to increase blood levels of sodium and decrease blood levels of potassium

Hint 13

disorders: Hyposecretion causes Addison disease, Hyposecretion causes aldosteronism.

Front 14

Sex hormones (any of the androgens, estrogens, or related steroid hormones) produced by the ovaries, testes, and adrenal cortices (Adrenal cortex hormones)

Back 14

targets In females, possibly responsible for female libido and source of estrogen after menopause; otherwise, effects in adults are insignificant.

Hint 14

Disorders: Hypersecretion of adrenal androgen in females leads to virilism (development of male characteristics). Hypersecretion of adrenal estrogen and progestin secretion in males leads to feminization (development of feminine characteristics) Hyposecretion has no known significant effects.

Front 15

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (adrenal cortex hormones)

Back 15

targets sympathetic nervous system target organs hormone effects mimic sympathetic nervous system activation (sympathomimetic); increase metabolic rate and heart rate; raises blood pressure by promoting vasoconstriction.

Hint 15

Disorders; Hyposecretion has no known significant effects. Hypersecretion causes prolonged "fight or flight" reaction; hypertension.

Front 16

Glucagon (Pancreatic Hormones)

Back 16

Targets Liver and blood to increase blood glucose level by accelerating conversion of glycogen into glucose in liver (glycogenolysis) and conversion of other nutrients into glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis) and releasing glucose into blood; converts glycogen to glucose

Hint 16

Disorders: persistently low blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia) may be caused by deficiency in glucagon.

Front 17

Insulin

Back 17

targets Tissue cells to lower blood glucose level by accelerating glucose transport into cells; converts glucose to glycogen

Hint 17

Disorders: hyposecretion of insulin causes diabetes mellitus. Hypersecretion of insulin causes hyperinsulinism.

Front 18

Addison disease

Back 18

relatively uncommon chronic disorder caused by deficiency of cortical hormones; results when the adrenal cortex is damaged or atrophied. Atrophy of the adrenal glands is usually the result of an autoimmune process in which circulating adrenal antibodies slowly destroy the gland.

Front 19

Cushing syndrome

Back 19

cluster of symptoms caused by excessive amounts of cortisol or adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) circulating in the blood. Most cases of Cushing syndrome are caused by administration of glucocorticoids in the treatment of immune disorders, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus erythematosus.

Front 20

diabetes

Back 20

general term that when used alone refers to diabetes mellitus, a disease that occurs in two primary forms, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, which are defined below.

Front 21

Diabetes

Back 21

general term that when used alone refers to diabetes mellitus, a disease that occurs in two primary forms, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, whihc are defined below. Diabetes mellitus - is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by hyperglycemia and occurs in two primary forms type 1 and type 2 diabetes. When body cells are deprived of glucose, their principal energy fuel, they begin to metabolize fats and proteins, depositing unusually high levels of wastes in the blood causing a condition called ketosis. Hyperglycemia and ketosis are responsible for the host of troubling and commonly life-threatening symptoms of diabetes mellitus.

Front 22

type 1 diabetes;

Back 22

diabetes that is abrupt in onset and usually is diagnosed in children and young adults. It is due to the failure of the pancreas to produce insulin, making this type of disease difficult to regulate; also called insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).

Front 23

type 2 diabetes;

Back 23

diabetes that is gradual onset and is the most common form. It is usually diagnosed in adults older than age 40 and results from the body's deficiency in producing enough insulin, or the body's cells are resistant to insulin action; also called non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Management of this disease is less problematic than that of type 1. Treatment includes diet, weight loss, and exercise. It also may include insulin or oral antidiabetic agents, which activate the release of pancreatic insulin and improve the body's sensitivity to insulin.

Front 24

exophthalmos

Back 24

abnormal protrusion of eyeball(s); may be due to thyrotoxicosis, tumor of the orbit, orbital cellulitis, leukemia, or aneurysm.

Front 25

Graves disease

Back 25

multisystem autoimmune disorder that involves growth of the thyroid associated with hypersecretion of thyroxine. Graves disease is characterized by an enlarged thyroid gland and exophthalmos (bulging of the eyes), which develops because of edema in the tissues of the eye sockets and swelling of the extrinsic eye muscles; also called exophalmic goiter, thyrotoxicosis, or toxic goiter.

Front 26

insulinoma

Back 26

tumor of the islets of langerhans; pancreatic tumor.

Front 27

myxedema

Back 27

advanced hypothyroidism in adults resulting from hypofunction of the thyroid gland; affects body fluids, causing edema and increasing blood valume, increasing blood pressure.

Front 28

panhypopituitarism

Back 28

total pituitary impairment that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormonal activity.

Front 29

pheochromocytoma

Back 29

small chromaffin cell tumor, usually located in the adrenal medulla.

Front 30

pituitarism

Back 30

any disorder of the pituitary gland and its funciton.

Front 31

Alzheimer disease

Back 31

chronic, organic mental disorder; a form of presenile demtia caused by atrophy of frontal and occipital lobes. Onset is usually between age 40 and 60. involves progressive irreversible loss of memory, deterioration of intellectual functions, apathy, speech and gait disturbances, and disorientation. Course may take from a few months to 4 to 5 years to progress to complete loss of intellectual function.

Front 32

Cerebrovascular accident

Back 32

brain tissue damage caused by a disorder within the blood vessels; usually due to the formation of a clot or a ruptured blood vessel; the resulting functional deficit depends on the area of the brain affected; also called apoplexy, cerbral infarction, stroke, or CVA.

Front 33

epilepsy

Back 33

disorder affecting the central nervous system, characterized by recurrent seizures.

Front 34

Huntington chorea

Back 34

hereditary nervous disorder caused by the progressive loss of brain cells, leading to bizarre, involuntary, dancelike movements.

Front 35

hydrocephalus

Back 35

cranial enlargement caused by accumulation of fluid within the ventricles of the brain.

Front 36

multiple sclerosis

Back 36

progressive degenerative disease of the CNS characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loss of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain, which produces weakness and other muscular symptoms.

Front 37

neuroblastoma

Back 37

malignant tumor composed principally of cells resembling neuroblasts; occurs chiefly in infants and children.

Front 38

palsy

Back 38

partial or complete loss of motor function; paralysis.
BELL: facial paralysis caused by dysfunction of a facial nerve of unknown etiology. With Bell palsy, the person may not be able to close an eye or control salivation on the affected side. the condition often results in grotesque facial disfigurement and facial spasms, but complete recovery is possible
CEREBRAL: bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis usually caused by damage to the crebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can be hereditary.

Front 39

Parkinson disease

Back 39

progressive, degenerative neurological disorder affecting the portion of the brain responsible for controlling movement. THe unnecessary skeletal muscle movements often interfere with voluntary movement, causing the hand to shake, which is called tremor, the most common symptom of Parkinson disease.

Front 40

poliomyelitis

Back 40

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis.

Front 41

Sciatica

Back 41

severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to the foot.

Front 42

Seizure

Back 42

convulsion or other clinically detectable event caused by a sudden discharge of electrical activity in the brain that may be classified as partial or generalized; characteristic symptom of epilepsy.

Front 43

Shingles

Back 43

eruption of acute, inflammatory, herpetic vesicles on the trunk of the body along a peripheral nerve caused by herpes zoster virus.

Front 44

Spina bifida

Back 44

congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through whihc the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude. It usually occurs in the lumbosacral area and has several forms.

Hint 44

spinal bifida occulta - most common and least severe form of this defect without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges.

SPina bifida cystica - more severe type of this defect; involves protrusion of the meninges (meningocele), spinal cord (myelocele), or both (meningomyelocele). The severity of the neurological dysfunction depends directly on the degree of nerve involvement.

Front 45

Transient ischemic attack

Back 45

temporary interference with blood supply to the brain, lasting a few minutes to a few hours

Front 46

Computed tomography (CT) scan

Back 46

radiographic technique that uses a narrow beam of x-rays, which rotates ina full arc around the patient to image the body in cross-sectional slices. A scanner and detector send the images to a computer, which consolidates all the data it recieves from the multiple x-ray views

CT scans of endocrine organs are used to assist in the diagnosis of various pathologies; also may involve the use of a contrast medium.

Front 47

magnetic resonance imaging

Back 47

radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to identify abnormalities of pituitary pancreatic, adrenal, and thyroid glands.

Front 48

Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) test;

Back 48

imaging procedure that measures levels of radioactivity in the thyroid after administration of radioactive iodine either orally (po) or intravenously (IV). RAIU is used to determine thyroid function by monitoring the thyroid's ability to take up (uptake) iodine from the blood.

Front 49

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

Back 49

cerebrospinal fluid obtained from a lumbar puncture is evaluated for the presence of blood, bacteria, malignant cells, and the amount of protein and glucose present.

Front 50

computed tomography (CT) scan

Back 50

radiographic technique that uses a narrow beam of x-rays, which rotates ina full arc around the patient to image the body in cross-sectional slices. A scanner and detector send the images to a computer, which consolidates all of the data it receives from the multiple x-ray views.

CT brain scan provides a computerized cross-sectional view of the brain. Contrast medium also may be injected intravenously. CT scan help in differentiating intracranial pathologies such as tumors, cysts, edema, hemorrage, blood clots, and cerebral aneurysms.

Front 51

magnetic resonance imaging

Back 51

radiographic technique that uses electromagnetic energy to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images of the body. MRI of the brain produces cross-sectional, frontal, and sagittal plane views of the brain. It is regarded as superior to computed tomography for most CNS abnormalities, particularly those of the brainstem and spinal cord. A contrast medium is not required but may be used to enhance internal structure visualization.

Front 52

Positron emission tomography

Back 52

radiographic technique that combines computed tomography with the use of radiopharmaceuticals. PET produces a cross-sectional (transverse) image of the dispersement of radioactivity (through emission of positrons) in a section of the body to reveal the areas where the radiopharmaceutical is being metabolized and where there is a deficiency in metalism; also called PET scan
Positron emission tomography (PET) aids in the diagnosis of neurologic disorders such as brain tumors, epilepsy, stroke, Alzheimer disease, and abdominal and pulmonary disorders.

Front 53

craniotomy

Back 53

surgical procedure to create an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures. A craniotomy also is performed to relieve intracranial pressure, to control bleeding, or to remove a tumor.

Front 54

hormone replacement therapy

Back 54

oral adminstration or injection of synthetic hormones to replace a hormone deficiency, such as of estrogen, testosterone, or thyroid hormone.

Front 55

thalamotomy

Back 55

partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain.