Endocrine And Nervous System 2

Front 1

Give examples of exocrine glands

Back 1

stomach acid, sweat

Front 2

How does the endocrine system work in general?

Back 2

hormones are released in the bloodstream; target cells that have specific receptors respond

Front 3

What is the function of the endocrine glands?

Back 3

Their hormones help regulate metabolic processes; control rates of certain chemical rxns; aid in transporting substances through membranes; help regulate water balance, electrolyte balance & blood pressure. Also imp in reproduction, development, and growth.

Front 4

True or False:
all steroid hormones are derived from cholesterol

Back 4

True, p. 485

Front 5

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are derived from the amino acid _____.

Back 5

tyrosine, p. 485

Front 6

These hormones can diffuse into cells relatively easily and may enter any cell in the body.

Back 6

steroid and thyroid hormones are soluble in lipids that make up the bulk of cell membranes

Front 7

How do steroid and thyroid hormones combine with specific protein receptors inside a target cell?

Back 7

hormone-receptor complex, p. 485

Front 8

adenohypophysis

Back 8

anterior pituitary:
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, prolactin

Front 9

neurohypophysis

Back 9

posterior pituitary:
Nerve impulses originating in the hypothalamus stimulate nerve endings in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland to release hormones:
ADH and oxytocin

Front 10

Insufficient secretion of HGH in childhood will result in this disease.

Back 10

hypopituitary dwarfism

Front 11

Oversecretion of HGH in childhood will result in this disease.

Back 11

gigantism

Front 12

Oversecretion GH after epiphyses of long bones have ossified will cause this disease.

Back 12

acromegaly

Front 13

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is primarily composed of _______ cells, the posterior lobe consists of ______ and _______.

Back 13

anterior lobe: glandular epithelial cells

posterior lobe: nerve fibers & neuroglia.

Front 14

How does the nervous system help regulate hormonal secretions?

Back 14

negative feedback

Front 15

What kind of cells primarily compose the anterior pituitary?

Back 15

glandular epithelial cells

Front 16

What kind of cells primarily compose the posterior pituitary?

Back 16

nerve fibers and neuroglia (pituicytes)

Front 17

What are the effects of ADH on the body?

Back 17

Water retention
Vasoconstriction

Front 18

True or False:
Posterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the posterior lobe of the pituitary.

Back 18

FALSE
Posterior pituitary glands are synthesized in the HYPOTHALAMUS,
but they are named for where they enter the bloodstream.

Front 19

This hormone plays an important role in regulating the concentration of body fluids.

Back 19

ADH
- antidiuretic; reduces the amount of water the kidneys excrete
- ADH also promotes vasoconstriction

Front 20

What factors affect ADH secretion?

Back 20

hypothalamus regulates secretion
blood volume also affects ADH secretion

Front 21

These hormones help regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Back 21

thyroxine - T4
triiodothyronine - T3

They increase rate at which cells release energy from carbs, enhance rate of protein synthesis, and stimulate breakdown & mobilization of lipids

Front 22

These hormones are the major factors determining how many calories the body must consume to at rest to maintain life, measured as the BMR (basal metabolic rate).

Back 22

thyroxine - T4
triiodothyronine - T3

Front 23

Follicular cells require _______ salts to produce thyroxine and triiodothyronine.

Back 23

iodine salts (iodides)

Front 24

What are the three hormones produced by the thyroid gland?

Back 24

thyroxine - T4
triiodothyronine - T3
calcitonin

Front 25

This hormone is stimulated by a high blood calcium ion concentration (usually after eating).

Back 25

Calcitonin
- stimulates activity of osteoblasts; decreases blood calcium ion concentration in the blood

Front 26

This hormone increases blood calcium ion concentration in the blood and decreases blood phosphate ion concentration through actions in the bones, kidneys, and intestines.

Back 26

parathyroid hormone
p. 502

Front 27

_____ stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts and inhibits the activity of osteoblasts.

Back 27

parathyroid hormone

Front 28

resorption

Back 28

Bone resorption is the process by which osteoclasts break down bone and release the minerals, resulting in a transfer of calcium from bone fluid to the blood.

Front 29

What are the actions of PTH?

Back 29

PTH:
-stimulates bone resorption by osteoclasts
-inhibits activity osteoblasts
causes the kidneys to conserve blood calcium ions
-causes kidneys to excrete more phosphate ions in the urine
-indirectly stimulates absorption of calcium ions from food in the intestine by influencing metabolism of Vitamin D

Front 30

How is the secretion of PTH regulated?

Back 30

negative feedback mechanism
p. 503

Front 31

How is calcium ion homeostasis maintained?

Back 31

Regulated by the opposite effects of calcitonin and PTH.

Front 32

What affect does PTH have on influencing the metabolism of Vitamin D?

Back 32

When PTH is present, in the Kidneys:
hydroxycholecalciferol --> dihydroxycholecalciferol (an active form of Vitamin D)

Front 33

What are the three layers of the adrenal cortex?

Back 33

The three layers of the adrenal cortex are the outer zona glomerulosa, the middle zona fasciculata, and the inner zona reticularis.

Front 34

Which cells release aldosterone?

Back 34

Zona glomerulosa
- cells in the outer zone of the adrenal cortex

Front 35

Which cells secrete cortisol?

Back 35

secreted by Zona fasciculata
- cells in the middle zone of the adrenal cortex

Front 36

When during gestation do the myelin begin to form on axons?

Back 36

14th month of pregnancy

Front 37

What are the four types of CNS neuroglia?

Back 37

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependyma

Front 38

True or False:
Injury to the cell body will not kill the neuron.

Back 38

FALSE
Injury to the cell body usually kills the neuron. However, a damaged peripheral axon may regenerate.
P. 364

Front 39

A membrane is _____________ if the membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential.

Back 39

hyperpolarized

Front 40

A membrane is ___________ if the membrane becomes less negative than the resting potential.

Back 40

depolarized

Front 41

True or False:
In order to produce more nerve impulses, you need a stronger impulse.

Back 41

FALSE
All-or-none response
A greater intensity of stimulation produces more impulses per second, NOT a stronger impulse.
P 370

Front 42

What are the three layers of the meninges?

Back 42

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Front 43

How many segments does the spinal chord have?

Back 43

thirty-one segments

Front 44

What are the functions of the spinal chord?

Back 44

Center for spinal reflexes.
Conduit for nerve impulses to and from the brain.

Front 45

The patellar reflex is an example of a _______ reflex.

Back 45

simple monosynaptic reflex
- uses only two neurons; a sensory neuron communicating directly to a motor neuron

Front 46

What will happen if the nerve fibers in the ascending tracts are cut?

Back 46

Sensations arising from receptors below the level of the injury are lost. P 397

Front 47

What happens if the nerve fibers in the descending tracts are cut?

Back 47

Results in loss of motor function, p. 397

Front 48

Injury to motor neurons or their fibers in the horns of the spinal cord results in __________.

Back 48

lower motor neuron syndrome;
it produces flaccid paralysis, a total loss of muscle tone and reflex activity, and the muscles atrophy

Front 49

In early embryonic development, the _________ gives rise to the CNS.

Back 49

neural tube

Front 50

What structures comprise the brainstem?

Back 50

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Front 51

This structure attaches the brain to the spinal chord.

Back 51

brainstem

Front 52

The largest part of the mature brain and develops from the anterior portion of the forebrain.

Back 52

cerebrum

Front 53

A deep bridge of nerve fibers that connects the cerebral hemispheres.

Back 53

corpus callosum

Front 54

Layer that separates the cerebral hemispheres.

Back 54

falx cerebri
- layer of dura mater

Front 55

During the 28th day of prenatal development, if a sheet of tissue that normally folds to form the neural tube remains open, what will happen to the developing fetus?

Back 55

Anencephaly
- neural tube defect (NTD): fetus lacks higher brain structures; newborns die within 2 days

Front 56

During the 28th day of prenatal development, an opening farther down the neural tube causes a lesion in the spine, what will happen to the developing fetus?

Back 56

Spina bifida
- neural tube defect (NTD): paralysis may occur from that point downward

Front 57

Thin layer of gray matter that constitutes the outermost portion of the cerebrum.

Back 57

cerebral cortex

Front 58

Contains nearly 75% of all the neuron cell bodies in the nervous system.

Back 58

cerebral cortex

Front 59

The seat of intelligence and personality.

Back 59

cerebrum

Front 60

What are the functions of the cerebrum?

Back 60

Provides higher brain functions:

- interpreting impulses from sense organs
- initiating voluntary muscular movements
- storing information as memory
- retrieving this information as reasoning
- seat of intelligence and personality

Front 61

What area of the cerebral cortex provide higher intellectual processes, such as concentrating, planning, and complex problem solving.

Back 61

Association areas of the frontal lobes.

Front 62

What are of the cerebral cortex control emotional behavior and produce awareness of the possible consequences of behavior?

Back 62

Anterior and inferior portions of the frontal lobes (prefrontal areas)

Front 63

What area of the cerebral cortex helps interpret sensory information and aid in understanding speech and choosing words to express thoughts and feelings.

Back 63

Association areas of parietal lobes

Front 64

Awareness of the form of objects, including one's own body parts.

Back 64

Posterior region of the parietal lobe

Front 65

Interprets complex sensory experiences, such as those needed to understand speech and to read. Also stores memories of visual scenes, music, and other complex sensory patterns.

Back 65

Association areas of temporal lobes & regions of at the posterior ends of the lateral sulci

Front 66

Region of cerebral cortex that is important in analyzing visual patterns and combining visual images with other sensory experiences. Important in recognizing people.

Back 66

Occipital lobe have association areas adjacent to the visual centers.

Front 67

Region of cerebral cortex that processes sensory information from the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes. Plays a role in integrating visual, auditory, and other sensory information and then interpreting a situation.

Back 67

Wernicke's area
"general interpretive area"
where the occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes meet

Front 68

Primary motor areas of the cerebral cortex

Back 68

Frontal lobe

Front 69

Tracts that coordinate and control motor functions that maintain balance and posture.

Back 69

reticulospinal and rubrospinal tracts

Front 70

Impulses conducted on these pathways normally inhibit muscular actions.

Back 70

reticulospinal and rubrospinal tracts

Front 71

Injury to this area of the cerebral cortex may be able to understand spoken words but may be unable to speak.

Back 71

Broca's area or the motor speech area in the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere

Front 72

This motor speech area is important in generating the complex muscular actions of the mouth, tongue, and larynx, which make speech possible.

Back 72

Broca's area or motor speech area in the
frontal lobe

Front 73

Sensory areas provide sensations of temperature, touch, pressure, and pain involving the skin.

Back 73

parietal lobes

Front 74

Name the basal nuclei

Back 74

caudate nucleus
putamen
globulus pallidus

Front 75

Produces the inhibitory nuerotransmitter dopamine.

Back 75

basal nuclei

Front 76

These structures controls emotional experiences and expression and can modify the way a person acts, producing such feelings as fear, anger, pleasure and sorrow.

Back 76

the limbic system

Front 77

This structure separates the midbrain from the medulla oblongata.

Back 77

Pons

Front 78

Injury to this structure results in a coma

Back 78

Reticular formation
- responds to sensory impulses by activating the cerebral cortex into a state of wakefulness

Front 79

What is a nerve?

Back 79

bundles of nerve fibers or axons

Front 80

What are the largest and longest nerves in the body?

Back 80

sciatic nerves

Front 81

What are the hormones of the adrenal medulla?

Back 81

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 82

What is the function of the hormone cortisol?

Back 82

Cortisol is a hormone from the adrenal cortex. It helps keep blood glucose concentration within normal range between meals.

Front 83

How is a resting potential achieved?

Back 83

Cell membrane is more permeable to K+ ions than to Na+ ions. We would expect K+ to diffuse out of the cell more rapidly than Na+ would diffuse in.

(If allowed to go down their normal concentration gradient (K+ out and Na+ in), equilibrium would be reached - we DON'T want this).

To maintain the resting potential of -70 mv, the K+/Na+ pumps maintains the concentration gradient by pumping 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in.

Front 84

What is the basic structure that all neurons have?

Back 84

cell body, axon, dendrite

Front 85

The initial portion of an axon closest to the cell body.

Back 85

axonal hillock

Front 86

White matter is composed of ___________ axons.

Back 86

myelinated

Front 87

Gray matter is composed of ___________ axons

Back 87

unmyelinated

Front 88

Forms myelin in the brain and spinal cord.

Back 88

Oligodendrocytes
- neuroglia cell; does not form neurilemma

Front 89

The bulk of the neurons found in the brain and spinal cord.

Back 89

Interneurons are found mostly in the CNS
p.71 coloring book

Front 90

separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

Back 90

central sulcus

Front 91

center of emotional behavior

Back 91

limbic lobe

Front 92

Concerned with body sensory awareness, including taste, the use of symbols for communication, abstract reasoning, and body imaging

Back 92

parietal lobe

Front 93

What do you call neurons that secrete acetylcholine?

Back 93

cholinergic

Front 94

True or False:
In the body T3 is more common than T4

Back 94

False:
T3 - 5-10%
T4 - 90-95%

Front 95

Name the different layers of the adrenal cortex and what hormones they give rise to.

Back 95

Zona Glomerulosa - mineralocorticoids - aldosterone

Zona Fasciculate - glucocorticoids - cortisol

Zona Reticularis - androgens

Front 96

What is the result if you have overproduction of ACTH (adrenocorticoptropic hormone)

Back 96

Cushings Syndrome

Front 97

What is the result if you have deficiency of ACTH (adrenocorticoptropic hormone)

Back 97

Addisons Disease

Front 98

Degrades epinephrine

Back 98

COMT: catechol–o-methyl transferase

Front 99

tumor in the adrenal medulla

Back 99

pheochromocytoma
-constantly cranks catecholamines in the blood stream

Front 100

What is considered normal blood sugar?

Back 100

80-120 mg/dl
60 mg/dl - irritability
50 mg/dl - medical emergency
800 mg/dl - hyperosmolar coma

Front 101

By ______ week of gestation, we're gonna have all the neurons we will ever have.

Back 101

30th week

Front 102

What's faster, motor or sensory neurons?

Back 102

motor neurons are faster (300 miles/hour) than sensory neurons

Front 103

How do you increase the speed of an axon?

Back 103

Make it THICKER and MYELINATE it

Front 104

Why are peripheral nerves able to regenerate and nerves in the CNS are not?

Back 104

peripheral nerves have Schwann cells
CNS has no Schwann cells but oligodendrocytes

Front 105

What is the most vulnerable part of the nervous system?

Back 105

spinal cord

Front 106

Where are the different channels located?

Back 106

passive channels - everywhere you have exposed membrane

voltage gated channels - axon hillock

chemical gated channels - dendritic receptors and cell body

Front 107

What is the most common CNS neuroglia cell?

Back 107

astrocyte; forms the blood brain barrier

Front 108

What is the cell composition of the brain?

Back 108

10% neurons
90% neuroglia cells

Front 109

What age does the corpus collosum finish developing?

Back 109

age 10

Front 110

Can a 3 year old still recover from a brain injury?

Back 110

Yes, can sustain severe injury in one hemisphere and still develop the other before the age of 3

Front 111

What is the most critical period for brain development in the postnatal period?

Back 111

first 20 months

Front 112

How do stimulants work?

Back 112

By prolonging the amount of time neurotransmitters are in the synapse (prevents re-uptake or degradation)

Front 113

What's going on in Parkinson's disease (what's the problem)?

Back 113

Basal cell ganglion stops producing dopamine - so muscle tone is NOT inhibited;
substantia negra is degrated

Front 114

emotional center and gives you the "epiphany"

Back 114

nucleus accumbens
- midway b/w pre-frontal cortex and limbic center
- dopamine from nucleus accumbens will affect how you feel about something
- cocaine also stimulates the nucleus accumbens to release dopamine
(lecture 4/20/12)

Front 115

When does the brain start to develop after gestation?

Back 115

18th day after gestation

Front 116

What gives rise to the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 116

Telencephalon

Front 117

What structure produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Back 117

choroid plexus
(lecture 4/27/12)

Front 118

What age does the corpus collosum start to develop?

Back 118

age 3

Front 119

alarm clock for the brain

Back 119

reticular RAS
mediated by the hippocampus

(lecture 4/27/12; p. 409)

Front 120

part of the brain with conscious motor and sensory function

Back 120

parietal lobe

Front 121

voluntary motor function located

Back 121

pre-frontal garus

Front 122

conscious sensory function located

Back 122

post-central garus

Front 123

edits everything coming in and out of the brain

Back 123

thalamus

Front 124

what determines whether or not your behavior is acceptable in the environment you’re in

Back 124

amygdala

Front 125

subconscious monitoring, alarm clock

Back 125

RAS

Front 126

What are the four levels you go through when experiencing something?

Back 126

Primary cortex - coarse individual senses
Unimodal cortex - detailed individual sense
Heteromodal cortex - sensory integration
Supramodal cortex - social context

Front 127

synesthesia

Back 127

link one sensory information to another

Front 128

What are the two amino acids that account for 80% of brain function?

Back 128

Glutamate - stimulatory
GABA - inhibitory (controls Cl- channels)

Front 129

small cluster of neurons in the pre-frontal lobe and limbic system

Back 129

nucleus accumbens

Front 130

primary CNS neuron

Back 130

norepinephrine

Front 131

monoamine most responsible for inhibition in the brain

Back 131

serotonin

Front 132

sleeping brain is ______ (cholinergic or aminergic)?

Back 132

cholinergic - sleeping brain

Front 133

Substance P

Back 133

neuropeptide; functions as a neurotransmitter (or neuromodulator) in the nuerons that transmit pain impulses into the spinal cord and on to the brain - p.374

enkephalins and endorphins may relieve pain by inhibiting release of substance P from pain-transmitting neurons

Front 134

enkephalins

Back 134

neuropeptide; relieve pain sensations; synthesis of enkephalins increases during periods of painful stress, and they bind to the same receptors in the brain (opiate receptors) as the narcotic morphine.

Front 135

beta endorphins

Back 135

neuropeptide; found in brain and CSF; acts longer than enkephalins and is a much more potent pain reliever

Front 136

What are the things that affect impulse processing (limits them so we don't get overwhelmed)?

Back 136

Absolute refractory period -sets limit how much you can process; 1/2500 sec

Gating mechanisms - info may go up same tracks

Competition for circuits

Focus

Front 137

_______ (forebrain/midbrain/hindbrain) gives rise to the cerebrum and basal nuclei.

Back 137

anterior portion of the forebrain

Front 138

_______ (forebrain/midbrain/hindbrain) gives rise to the diencephalon.

Back 138

posterior portion of the forebrain

Front 139

_______ (forebrain/midbrain/hindbrain) gives rise to the cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata.

Back 139

hindbrain