Endocrine Anatomy And Physiology

Front 1

where does the embryology of they thyroid gland begin??

Back 1

As an epithelial proliferation at the juncture between the anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3 of the tongue… later the forame cecum

Front 2

What is the the theyroglossal duct

Back 2

canal that connects thyroid to tongue during thryroid migration

Front 3

where is a thryroglossal cyst found

Back 3

at any point along the migratory path of the thryroid gland… always near or in the midline of th eneck. 50% are close to or inferior to the body of the hyoid bone

Front 4

what is the ultimobranchial body?

Back 4

a remnant of the 5th pharyngeal pouch that gives rise to the parafollicular or C cells of the thryorid gland that secretee calcitonin

Front 5

what does the isthmus cover

Back 5

2nd 3rd and 4th tracheal rings

Front 6

Where do the lateral lobes of the thryoid exted to?

Back 6

attachments of the sternothyroid muscles

Front 7

What do the sternothyroid muscles prevent

Back 7

the upward pathologic enlargment of the theyroid gland.

Front 8

what can enlargements of the medial portion of the thyroid gland affect?

Back 8

trachea, esophagus and recurrent and external laryngeal nerves

Front 9

what are the main blood suplliers to the theyroid

Back 9

superior and inferior, sometimes thyroid ima

Front 10

what is the thyroid ima abranch of

Back 10

usually brachio cephalic trunk

Front 11

where to the superior and middle thyroid veins drain to?

Back 11

internal jugular

Front 12

where does the inferior theyroid vein drain to?

Back 12

brachiocephalic

Front 13

where does the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland go

Back 13

ultimately deep cervical lymph nodes

Front 14

how is autonomic nerve supply provided to the thyroid gland?

Back 14

via direct branches from the sympathetic chain

Front 15

Where do the parathyroid glands arise from

Back 15

Epithelium of the third pharyngeal pouch yeild inferior parathyroid glands and the thymus the fourth pharngeal pough forms the superior parathyroid glands

Front 16

what is the arterial, venous and lymphatic supply of the thrymus

Back 16

Inferior thyroid arteries and internal thoracic arteries; inferior theyroid and brachiocephalic veins; and tracheobronchial and superior mediastinal nodes

Front 17

Specific location of the superior parathryoids

Back 17

Posterior surface of the thrydoid gland, anterior to the false capsule of the thyroid

Front 18

Specific location of the inferior parathryoids

Back 18

Posterior surface of the thrydoid gland, posterior to the false capsule of the thyroid

Front 19

how can parathyroid tumors be found in the thorax?

Back 19

The primordia of the thymus gland does not release the inferior parathryoid.

Front 20

what is the venous, lymphatic and autonomic nerve supply of the parathyroid

Back 20

same as the thyroid

Front 21

Which parathyroids are more easily injured durin ga thyroidectomy

Back 21

The superior b/c they're anterior to the "false capsule" and the left b/c they lie closer to the tracheo-esophogeal groove

Front 22

What forms the pancreas

Back 22

the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds originating from the endodermal lining of the duodenum

Front 23

When the duodenum rotates to the right where does the ventral pancreatic bud move?

Back 23

dorsally

Front 24

What forms the uncinate process

Back 24

ventral bud (also the head) rest of the pancreas is dorsal bud

Front 25

When are islets of langerhans developed?

Back 25

3rd month of fetal life

Front 26

where are the islets of langerhand sfound?

Back 26

throughout the pancreasst but majority in tail and adjacent body

Front 27

What does the head of the pancreas lie on?

Back 27

inferior vena cava and renal veins

Front 28

Pt. with painlesss jaundice

Back 28

may have a tumor in the head of the pancreas blocking the common bile duct

Front 29

What is posterior to the neck of the pancreas?

Back 29

portal vein- tumor may obstruct

Front 30

what does the body of the pancreas lie across

Back 30

aorta, inferior vena cava and the left renal vein and recheas the left kidney and supra renal gland

Front 31

pt. with bachache

Back 31

lesion of the body of pancrease… peptic ulcer epigastric pain now goes to back

Front 32

arterial supply of pancrease

Back 32

anterior and posterior arterial arcades from gastroduodenal and superior mesenteric vessels. Also spelic and left gastroepiploic

Front 33

Venous drainage of pancrease

Back 33

splenic vein and its tributaries

Front 34

Lymphaitc drainage of pancreas

Back 34

nodes adjacent to head, neck, body and tail

Front 35

Where is the suprarenal gnald derived from?

Back 35

outer mesoderm, inner medulla ectoderm of nerual crest

Front 36

at birth the suprarenal gland

Back 36

is bigger than the kidney; the primitive or fetal cortex makes up the bulk of the gland; but by 2nd week has lost 1/3 of weight due to losss of primitive cortex

Front 37

Zones of permanent cortex

Back 37

zona glomerulosa, sona fasciculata and zona reticularis, not complete until a baby is 3 years old

Front 38

Why is the cortex yellow?

Back 38

presence of stored lipids esp cholesterol and fatty acids

Front 39

Masculinization of eternal genitalia in females infants

Back 39

congenital adrenal hyperplasia, males infants will be normal and may go undetected. Later in childhood both sexes have rapid growth due to androgen excess. Can be correlated with enzymatic deficiencies of cortisol biosynthesis

Front 40

Chrommaffin cells or pheochromocytes

Back 40

endocrine cell sof the medulla of adrenal glands

Front 41

innervation of medula of adrenal gland

Back 41

preganglionic sympathetic

Front 42

righ adrenal gland

Back 42

located on upper pole of kidney, pyramidal shaped

Front 43

left adrenal gland

Back 43

lies between upper pole of kidney and renal vessesls, is crescent shaped

Front 44

blood supply of adrenal glands

Back 44

superior suprarenal artery from inferior phrenic and middle suprarenal artery from aorta and inferior suprarenal artery from renal.

Front 45

what is the venous drainage of the surprarenal glands?

Back 45

central suprarenal vein

Front 46

Lymphaitc drainage of adrenals

Back 46

lumbar nodes

Front 47

what is produced in male interstitial cells

Back 47

adrogens (testosterone is one)

Front 48

Inhibin

Back 48

another hormone produced by interstitial cells in males involved in maintaining normal sperm production

Front 49

corpus luteum

Back 49

remaining follicular cells that release estrogens and profestins esp. progesterone

Front 50

Embryology of pituitary gland

Back 50

oral ectoderm forms rathke's pouch and diencephalon forms infundibulum

Front 51

what forms the adenohypohysis

Back 51

aka anterior lobe of pituitary from cells on anterior surface of rathke's pouch

Front 52

what forms pars intermedia

Back 52

cells on posterior surface of rathke's pouch

Front 53

what forms neurohyphysis

Back 53

aka posterior lobe of the pituitary… from distal portion of infundibulum

Front 54

Diseases of pituitary

Back 54

1. excessive or insufficient secretion 2. pituitary tumor compresses surrounding structures

Front 55

are the internal carotid artery or cranial nerves usually involved in pituitary tumor?

Back 55

no neither are the laterally located cavernous sinuses

Front 56

what type of opitic disturbance in pituitary tumor?

Back 56

optic chiasma compression to bitemporal hemianopsia

Front 57

supriorily a tumor may compress

Back 57

the hypothalamus

Front 58

inferior the a pitiuitary tumor may compress

Back 58

it may excavate the hypophyseal fossa and enter the sphenoid sinus

Front 59

regions of anterior lobe of pitiuitary

Back 59

pars distallis and pars intermedia

Front 60

posterior lobe o fpituitary serves as

Back 60

a storage and release site for hormones

Front 61

What does the posterior pitiutary contain

Back 61

axons of the hypothalamic neurons in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei

Front 62

pituicytes

Back 62

post synaptic terminal cells in posterior pituitary

Front 63

adh is manufactured in

Back 63

supraoptic

Front 64

oxytocin in manufactured in

Back 64

paraventricular nucleus

Front 65

blood supply of hypothalamus and hypophysis

Back 65

hypophseal portal system

Front 66

blood supply of hypophysis

Back 66

superior and inferior hypohyseal artires

Front 67

anterior lobe of pituitary blood supply

Back 67

sinusoids of hypohyseal portal vessels

Front 68

how does the hyopthalamus influence the hypohpysis?

Back 68

via humoral substances (releasing hormones) that reach the anterior lobe via the portal system

Front 69

where is th epineal gland located

Back 69

dorsal aspect of the diencephalon, it is part of th eepithalamus

Front 70

what is the pineal gland's primary secretion

Back 70

melatonin

Front 71

what stimulates the pineal gland

Back 71

light via collateral fibers from the visual pathway---- SAD