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386 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
MC site for ectopic thyroid? |
Tongue |
|
|
Cells of adrenal cortex arranged in arched/rounded clusters ? |
Glomerulosa |
|
|
Foam appearing Cells of adrenal cortex ? |
Fasciculata |
|
|
Basophilic cells in anastamosing cords in adrenal gland? |
Reticularis |
|
|
Appearance of medulla of adrenal glands? |
Deeply basophilic |
|
|
Bilateral nodular adrenal hyperplasia.dx? |
Cushing's dz Paraneoplastic ACTH |
|
|
MC complication of anti thyroid drugs? |
Agranulocytosis |
|
|
Lingual thyroid vs normal thyroid? |
Lingual doesn't have parafollicular cells |
|
|
Lingual thyroid vs normal thyroid? |
Lingual doesn't have parafollicular cells |
|
|
Thyroid derived from? |
Endoderm |
|
|
Lingual thyroid vs normal thyroid? |
Lingual doesn't have parafollicular cells |
|
|
Thyroid derived from? |
Outpouching of pharyngeal epithelium/Endoderm |
|
|
Parafollicular cells derived from? |
Neural crest cells |
|
|
Adrenal cortex derived from? |
Mesoderm |
|
|
Adrenal cortex derived from? |
Mesoderm |
|
|
Adrenal medulla derived from? |
Neural crest |
|
|
Intermediate lobe of pituitary produces? |
MSH |
|
|
Intermediate lobe of pituitary derived from? |
Posterior wall of rathkhe's pouch |
|
|
Insulin & c peptide increased in? |
Insulinoma Sulfonylureas |
|
|
Glucagon inhibited by? |
Insulin Hyperglycemia Somatostatin |
|
|
Glucagon inhibited by? |
Insulin Hyperglycemia Somatostatin |
|
|
Rx HIV lipodystrophy? |
GHRH analog=>tesamorelin |
|
|
Meds mechanism associated with increased prolactin? |
Inhibit D2 receptor |
|
|
Dopamine analog? |
Bromocriptine Cabergoline |
|
|
Dopamine antagonists? |
Anti psychotics |
|
|
Ghrelin produced by? |
Stomach |
|
|
Ghrelin produced by? |
Stomach |
|
|
Leptin produced by? |
Adipose tissues |
|
|
GH inhibited by? |
Glucose Somatostatin |
|
|
GH inhibited by? |
Glucose Somatostatin |
|
|
Ghrelin increases in? |
Sleep loss Prader-Willi syndrome |
|
|
Sleep effect on appetite hormones? |
Inc ghrelin Dec leptin |
|
|
ADH analog? |
Desmopressin acetate |
|
|
Rx of central DI? |
Desmopressin acetate |
|
|
Glucocorticoid also with mineralocorticoid activity? |
Fludrocortisone |
|
|
True precocious puberty origin? |
CNS |
|
|
True precocious puberty origin? |
CNS |
|
|
Precocious puberty in boys at what age? |
9 years |
|
|
True precocious puberty origin? |
CNS |
|
|
Precocious puberty in boys at what age? |
9 years |
|
|
Precocious puberty in females at what age? |
8 |
|
|
True precocious puberty origin? |
CNS |
|
|
Precocious puberty in boys at what age? |
9 years |
|
|
Precocious puberty in females at what age? |
8 |
|
|
MC tumour of pineal gland? |
Germ cell tumour resembling seminoma |
|
|
Sella turcica part of which bone? |
Sphenoid |
|
|
Thyroid gland starts developing at? |
7th week |
|
|
Sella turcica part of which bone? |
Sphenoid |
|
|
Thyroid gland starts developing at? |
7th week |
|
|
Thyroid gland produces hormone by? |
12th week |
|
|
Xanthelasma in DM mechanism? |
Inc insulin resistance => inc VLDL =>2' type4/5 hyperlipidemia |
|
|
Drugs associated with hypothyroidism? |
LAS Li Amiodarone Sulfonamide |
|
|
Metformin toxicity? |
GI upset + lactic acidosis |
|
|
2nd gen SUs toxicity? |
Hypoglycaemia |
|
|
1st gen SUs toxicity? |
Disulfiram like rxn |
|
|
2nd gen SU associated with dec risk of hypoglycaemia? |
Glipizide (short acting) |
|
|
Toxicity of glitazones? |
Weight gain HF Hepatotoxic Edema Inc fracture risk |
|
|
Moa same as SU but toxicity weight gain? |
Repa-,nateglinide |
|
|
HAART associated lipodystrophy caused by? |
NRTIs Protease inhibitors |
|
|
Pre signal of insulin retained in? |
RER |
|
|
Pre of insulin is? |
Signal peptide |
|
|
Pre of insulin is? |
Signal peptide |
|
|
Pro of insulin is? |
C peptide |
|
|
Can insulin cross placenta ? |
No |
|
|
Pre of insulin is? |
Signal peptide |
|
|
Pro of insulin is? |
C peptide |
|
|
Can insulin cross placenta ? |
No |
|
|
Ghrelin produced by? |
Stomach |
|
|
Pre of insulin is? |
Signal peptide |
|
|
Pro of insulin is? |
C peptide |
|
|
Can insulin cross placenta ? |
No |
|
|
Ghrelin produced by? |
Stomach |
|
|
Leptin produced by? |
Adipose tissues |
|
|
Corticosteroids affect on blood profile? |
Inc neutrophils Dec eosinophils Dec lymphocytes |
|
|
Pre of insulin is? |
Signal peptide |
|
|
Pro of insulin is? |
C peptide |
|
|
Can insulin cross placenta ? |
No |
|
|
Ghrelin produced by? |
Stomach |
|
|
Leptin produced by? |
Adipose tissues |
|
|
Corticosteroids affect on blood profile? |
Inc neutrophils Dec eosinophils Dec lymphocytes |
|
|
Medullary Enzyme for NE=>epi? |
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase |
|
|
Pre of insulin is? |
Signal peptide |
|
|
Pro of insulin is? |
C peptide |
|
|
Can insulin cross placenta ? |
No |
|
|
Ghrelin produced by? |
Stomach |
|
|
Leptin produced by? |
Adipose tissues |
|
|
Corticosteroids affect on blood profile? |
Inc neutrophils Dec eosinophils Dec lymphocytes |
|
|
Medullary Enzyme for NE=>epi? |
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase |
|
|
Ca forms of existence? |
45% ionic 40% albumin 15% anions |
|
|
Function of steroid receptors? |
Unfolds dna binding site |
|
|
Pre of insulin is? |
Signal peptide |
|
|
Prophylaxis in case of I-131 exposure? |
KI |
|
|
Pro of insulin is? |
C peptide |
|
|
Can insulin cross placenta ? |
No |
|
|
Ghrelin produced by? |
Stomach |
|
|
Leptin produced by? |
Adipose tissues |
|
|
Corticosteroids affect on blood profile? |
Inc neutrophils Dec eosinophils Dec lymphocytes |
|
|
Medullary Enzyme for NE=>epi? |
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase |
|
|
Ca forms of existence? |
45% ionic 40% albumin 15% anions |
|
|
Function of steroid receptors? |
Unfolds dna binding site |
|
|
Steroid-receptor complex binds to which site on DNA? |
Enhancer-like element of DNA |
|
|
Pre of insulin is? |
Signal peptide |
|
|
Prophylaxis in case of I-131 exposure? |
KI |
|
|
5’-deiodinase inhibited by? |
P.PIGA Propranolol PTU Ipodate Glucocorticoids Amiodarone |
|
|
Pro of insulin is? |
C peptide |
|
|
Can insulin cross placenta ? |
No |
|
|
Ghrelin produced by? |
Stomach |
|
|
Leptin produced by? |
Adipose tissues |
|
|
Corticosteroids affect on blood profile? |
Inc neutrophils Dec eosinophils Dec lymphocytes |
|
|
Medullary Enzyme for NE=>epi? |
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase |
|
|
Ca forms of existence? |
45% ionic 40% albumin 15% anions |
|
|
Function of steroid receptors? |
Unfolds dna binding site |
|
|
Steroid-receptor complex binds to which site on DNA? |
Enhancer-like element of DNA |
|
|
Pre of insulin is? |
Signal peptide |
|
|
Prophylaxis in case of I-131 exposure? |
KI |
|
|
5’-deiodinase inhibited by? |
P.PIGA Propranolol PTU Ipodate Glucocorticoids Amiodarone |
|
|
Pro of insulin is? |
C peptide |
|
|
Can insulin cross placenta ? |
No |
|
|
Ghrelin produced by? |
Stomach |
|
|
Leptin produced by? |
Adipose tissues |
|
|
Corticosteroids affect on blood profile? |
Inc neutrophils Dec eosinophils Dec lymphocytes |
|
|
Medullary Enzyme for NE=>epi? |
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase |
|
|
Ca forms of existence? |
45% ionic 40% albumin 15% anions |
|
|
Function of steroid receptors? |
Unfolds dna binding site |
|
|
Steroid-receptor complex binds to which site on DNA? |
Enhancer-like element of DNA |
|
|
Pre of insulin is? |
Signal peptide |
|
|
Prophylaxis in case of I-131 exposure? |
KI |
|
|
5’-deiodinase inhibited by? |
P.PIGA Propranolol PTU Ipodate Glucocorticoids Amiodarone |
|
|
Pro of insulin is? |
C peptide |
|
|
Can insulin cross placenta ? |
No |
|
|
Ghrelin produced by? |
Stomach |
|
|
Leptin produced by? |
Adipose tissues |
|
|
Corticosteroids affect on blood profile? |
Inc neutrophils Dec eosinophils Dec lymphocytes |
|
|
Medullary Enzyme for NE=>epi? |
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase |
|
|
Ca forms of existence? |
45% ionic 40% albumin 15% anions |
|
|
Function of steroid receptors? |
Unfolds dna binding site |
|
|
Steroid-receptor complex binds to which site on DNA? |
Enhancer-like element of DNA |
|
|
Pre of insulin is? |
Signal peptide |
|
|
Prophylaxis in case of I-131 exposure? |
KI |
|
|
5’-deiodinase inhibited by? |
P.PIGA Propranolol PTU Ipodate Glucocorticoids Amiodarone |
|
|
Cellular receptors positive in neuroblastoma? |
Bombesin Neuron specific enolase Chromogranin Synaptophysin S100 |
|
|
Pro of insulin is? |
C peptide |
|
|
Can insulin cross placenta ? |
No |
|
|
Ghrelin produced by? |
Stomach |
|
|
Leptin produced by? |
Adipose tissues |
|
|
Corticosteroids affect on blood profile? |
Inc neutrophils Dec eosinophils Dec lymphocytes |
|
|
Medullary Enzyme for NE=>epi? |
Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase |
|
|
Ca forms of existence? |
45% ionic 40% albumin 15% anions |
|
|
Function of steroid receptors? |
Unfolds dna binding site |
|
|
Steroid-receptor complex binds to which site on DNA? |
Enhancer-like element of DNA |
|
|
Neurotransmitter products inc in neuroblastoma? |
HVA(DA) VMA(NE) |
|
|
Neurotransmitter products inc in neuroblastoma? |
HVA(DA) VMA(NE) |
|
|
Paraneoplastic syndrome associated with neuroblastoma? |
Opsoclonus-myoclonus syn |
|
|
Neurotransmitter products inc in neuroblastoma? |
HVA(DA) VMA(NE) |
|
|
Paraneoplastic syndrome associated with neuroblastoma? |
Opsoclonus-myoclonus syn |
|
|
Mutation in neuroblastoma? |
N-myc |
|
|
Pathognmonic for neuroblastoma? |
Neuropil |
|
|
Pathognmonic for neuroblastoma? |
Neuropil |
|
|
Neuroblastoma vs wilm’s tumour? |
Neuroblastoma crosses mid line |
|
|
RET 2nd messenger system? |
Tyrosine kinase |
|
|
RET 2nd messenger system? |
Tyrosine kinase |
|
|
BRAF 2nd messenger system? |
Serine & threonine kinase |
|
|
Inc ALP in which hormonal disorders? |
Thyroid Parathyroid |
|
|
Polydipsia associated with ? |
1.Psychiatric illnesses 2.Med induced xerostomia |
|
|
RET 2nd messenger system? |
Tyrosine kinase |
|
|
BRAF 2nd messenger system? |
Serine & threonine kinase |
|
|
Inc ALP in which hormonal disorders? |
Thyroid Parathyroid |
|
|
Polydipsia associated with ? |
1.Psychiatric illnesses 2.Med induced xerostomia |
|
|
Components of craniopharyngioma? |
Solid=>actual tumor Calcification Cyst=>machinery oil filled |
|
|
Symptoms of craniopharyngioma? |
Hypopit. Inc prolactin Visual field defect Headache |
|
|
Acromegaly rx? |
Octreotide Pegvisomant Resection |
|
|
Somatostatin moa? |
Antagonist to GH via 2nd messenger system |
|
|
AIDS Rx associated lipodystrophy drugs? |
NRTI inhibitors Protease inhibitors |
|
|
Thyroid gland origin? |
Follicles =>endoderm Parafollicular cells=>neural crest |
|
|
AIDS Rx associated lipodystrophy drugs? |
NRTI inhibitors Protease inhibitors |
|
|
Thyroid gland origin? |
Follicles =>endoderm Parafollicular cells=>neural crest |
|
|
Parathyroid gland origin? |
Endoderm |
|
|
Pre signal of insulin retained in? |
RER |
|
|
AIDS Rx associated lipodystrophy drugs? |
NRTI inhibitors Protease inhibitors |
|
|
Thyroid gland origin? |
Follicles =>endoderm Parafollicular cells=>neural crest |
|
|
Parathyroid gland origin? |
Endoderm |
|
|
Pre signal of insulin retained in? |
RER |
|
|
Pro signal of insulin? |
C peptide |
|
|
Forms of ca in blood? |
45% ionised 40% albumin bound 15% bound to anions |
|
|
Aromatase inhibitors? |
Anastrazole Examestane |
|
|
Metyrapone inhibits? |
11-b hydroxylase |
|
|
Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits? |
11b- hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase |
|
|
Pseudo hyper aldosteronism caused by? |
Inc cortisol |
|
|
Primary adrenal adenoma contains cells resembling? |
Zona fasciculata |
|
|
Adrenal cortex ca contains cells? |
Pleomorphic |
|
|
Low ACTH level is? |
<5 pg/ml |
|
|
High ACTH level is? |
>20 pg/ml |
|
|
HIGH dexamethasone suppression test dose? |
8 mg |
|
|
Aromatase inhibitors? |
Anastrazole Examestane |
|
|
Metyrapone inhibits? |
11-b hydroxylase |
|
|
Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits? |
11b- hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase |
|
|
Pseudo hyper aldosteronism caused by? |
Inc cortisol |
|
|
Primary adrenal adenoma contains cells resembling? |
Zona fasciculata |
|
|
Adrenal cortex ca contains cells? |
Pleomorphic |
|
|
Low ACTH level is? |
<5 pg/ml |
|
|
High ACTH level is? |
>20 pg/ml |
|
|
HIGH dexamethasone suppression test dose? |
8 mg |
|
|
Homer wright rosettes dd? |
Neuroblastoma Medulloblastoma |
|
|
Aromatase inhibitors? |
Anastrazole Examestane |
|
|
Dopamine & NE breakdown products? |
NE=> VMA Dopamine => HVA |
|
|
Metyrapone inhibits? |
11-b hydroxylase |
|
|
Glycyrrhetinic acid inhibits? |
11b- hydroxy steroid dehydrogenase |
|
|
Pseudo hyper aldosteronism caused by? |
Inc cortisol |
|
|
Primary adrenal adenoma contains cells resembling? |
Zona fasciculata |
|
|
Adrenal cortex ca contains cells? |
Pleomorphic |
|
|
Low ACTH level is? |
<5 pg/ml |
|
|
High ACTH level is? |
>20 pg/ml |
|
|
HIGH dexamethasone suppression test dose? |
8 mg |
|
|
Homer wright rosettes dd? |
Neuroblastoma Medulloblastoma |
|
|
Extra adrenal locations of pheochromocytoma? |
Urinary bladder Organ of zuckerkandl |
|
|
Mutations associated with pheo? |
NF1 VHL RET |
|
|
Hypothyroidism myopathy? |
Proximal muscle weakness Myoedema Inc CK |
|
|
Mutations associated with pheo? |
NF1 VHL RET |
|
|
Hypothyroidism myopathy? |
Proximal muscle weakness Myoedema Inc CK |
|
|
Graves dz presents in context of ? |
Stressor ie child birth |
|
|
Mutations associated with pheo? |
NF1 VHL RET |
|
|
Hypothyroidism myopathy? |
Proximal muscle weakness Myoedema Inc CK |
|
|
Graves dz presents in context of ? |
Stressor ie child birth |
|
|
Pathophys of thyroid storm? |
Catecholamine surge seen as complication of thyrotoxicosis |
|
|
Mutations associated with pheo? |
NF1 VHL RET |
|
|
Hypothyroidism myopathy? |
Proximal muscle weakness Myoedema Inc CK |
|
|
Graves dz presents in context of ? |
Stressor ie child birth |
|
|
Pathophys of thyroid storm? |
Catecholamine surge seen as complication of thyrotoxicosis |
|
|
Causeof death in thyroid storm? |
Arrhythmia |
|
|
Mutations associated with pheo? |
NF1 VHL RET |
|
|
Hypothyroidism myopathy? |
Proximal muscle weakness Myoedema Inc CK |
|
|
Graves dz presents in context of ? |
Stressor ie child birth |
|
|
Pathophys of thyroid storm? |
Catecholamine surge seen as complication of thyrotoxicosis |
|
|
Causeof death in thyroid storm? |
Arrhythmia |
|
|
Rx of thyroid storm? |
Propranolol PTU Prednisolone |
|
|
Mutations associated with papillary ca? |
RET BRAF |
|
|
Superior thyroid a br of? |
ECA |
|
|
Mutations associated with pheo? |
NF1 VHL RET |
|
|
Hypothyroidism myopathy? |
Proximal muscle weakness Myoedema Inc CK |
|
|
Graves dz presents in context of ? |
Stressor ie child birth |
|
|
Pathophys of thyroid storm? |
Catecholamine surge seen as complication of thyrotoxicosis |
|
|
Causeof death in thyroid storm? |
Arrhythmia |
|
|
Rx of thyroid storm? |
Propranolol PTU Prednisolone |
|
|
Mutations associated with papillary ca? |
RET BRAF |
|
|
Superior thyroid a br of? |
ECA |
|
|
Inf thyroid artery br of? |
Sub-clavian =>thyrocervical trunk |
|
|
Branches of superior laryngeal nerve? Function? |
External br=> cricothyroid muscle |
|
|
Mutations associated with pheo? |
NF1 VHL RET |
|
|
Mutations associated with papillary ca? |
RET BRAF |
|
|
Pseudo hypoparathyroidism/AHO? |
Kidneys unresponsive to PTH |
|
|
Hypothyroidism myopathy? |
Proximal muscle weakness Myoedema Inc CK |
|
|
Graves dz presents in context of ? |
Stressor ie child birth |
|
|
Pathophys of thyroid storm? |
Catecholamine surge seen as complication of thyrotoxicosis |
|
|
Causeof death in thyroid storm? |
Arrhythmia |
|
|
Rx of thyroid storm? |
Propranolol PTU Prednisolone |
|
|
Mutations associated with papillary ca? |
RET BRAF |
|
|
Superior thyroid a br of? |
ECA |
|
|
Inf thyroid artery br of? |
Sub-clavian =>thyrocervical trunk |
|
|
Branches of superior laryngeal nerve? Function? |
External br=> cricothyroid muscle Internal br=>supraglottic sensation |
|
|
Mutations associated with pheo? |
NF1 VHL RET |
|
|
Mutations associated with papillary ca? |
RET BRAF |
|
|
Pseudo hypoparathyroidism/AHO? |
Kidneys unresponsive to PTH |
|
|
FHH? |
Defective ca sensing receptors on parathyroid gland |
|
|
Hypothyroidism myopathy? |
Proximal muscle weakness Myoedema Inc CK |
|
|
Graves dz presents in context of ? |
Stressor ie child birth |
|
|
Pathophys of thyroid storm? |
Catecholamine surge seen as complication of thyrotoxicosis |
|
|
Causeof death in thyroid storm? |
Arrhythmia |
|
|
Rx of thyroid storm? |
Propranolol PTU Prednisolone |
|
|
Mutations associated with papillary ca? |
RET BRAF |
|
|
Superior thyroid a br of? |
ECA |
|
|
Inf thyroid artery br of? |
Sub-clavian =>thyrocervical trunk |
|
|
Branches of superior laryngeal nerve? Function? |
External br=> cricothyroid muscle Internal br=>supraglottic sensation |
|
|
Mutations associated with pheo? |
NF1 VHL RET |
|
|
Mutations associated with papillary ca? |
RET BRAF |
|
|
Pseudo hypoparathyroidism/AHO? |
Kidneys unresponsive to PTH |
|
|
FHH? |
Defective ca sensing receptors on parathyroid gland |
|
|
Short 4 & 5 digit in ? |
AHO |
|
|
Mcc of death in acromegaly? |
HF |
|
|
Rx acromegaly? |
Octreotide Pegvisomant |
|
|
Laron dwarfism pathophys? |
Defective GH receptor Inc GH Dec IGF |
|
|
Which hormone deficiency manifests fastest in sheehan post partum syn? |
Cortisol |
|
|
Hypothyroidism myopathy? |
Proximal muscle weakness Myoedema Inc CK |
|
|
Graves dz presents in context of ? |
Stressor ie child birth |
|
|
Pathophys of thyroid storm? |
Catecholamine surge seen as complication of thyrotoxicosis |
|
|
Causeof death in thyroid storm? |
Arrhythmia |
|
|
Rx of thyroid storm? |
Propranolol PTU Prednisolone |
|
|
Mutations associated with papillary ca? |
RET BRAF |
|
|
Superior thyroid a br of? |
ECA |
|
|
Inf thyroid artery br of? |
Sub-clavian =>thyrocervical trunk |
|
|
Branches of superior laryngeal nerve? Function? |
External br=> cricothyroid muscle Internal br=>supraglottic sensation |
|
|
Mutations associated with pheo? |
NF1 VHL RET |
|
|
Mutations associated with papillary ca? |
RET BRAF |
|
|
Pseudo hypoparathyroidism/AHO? |
Kidneys unresponsive to PTH |
|
|
FHH? |
Defective ca sensing receptors on parathyroid gland |
|
|
Short 4 & 5 digit in ? |
AHO |
|
|
Mcc of death in acromegaly? |
HF |
|
|
Rx acromegaly? |
Octreotide Pegvisomant |
|
|
Laron dwarfism pathophys? |
Defective GH receptor Inc GH Dec IGF |
|
|
Which hormone deficiency manifests fastest in sheehan post partum syn? |
Cortisol |
|
|
Hypopituitarism in obese women.dx? |
Empty sella syndrome |
|
|
Hypothyroidism myopathy? |
Proximal muscle weakness Myoedema Inc CK |
|
|
Graves dz presents in context of ? |
Stressor ie child birth |
|
|
Pathophys of thyroid storm? |
Catecholamine surge seen as complication of thyrotoxicosis |
|
|
Causeof death in thyroid storm? |
Arrhythmia |
|
|
Rx of thyroid storm? |
Propranolol PTU Prednisolone |
|
|
Mutations associated with papillary ca? |
RET BRAF |
|
|
Superior thyroid a br of? |
ECA |
|
|
Inf thyroid artery br of? |
Sub-clavian =>thyrocervical trunk |
|
|
Branches of superior laryngeal nerve? Function? |
External br=> cricothyroid muscle Internal br=>supraglottic sensation |
|
|
Mutations associated with pheo? |
NF1 VHL RET |
|
|
Mutations associated with papillary ca? |
RET BRAF |
|
|
Pseudo hypoparathyroidism/AHO? |
Kidneys unresponsive to PTH |
|
|
FHH? |
Defective ca sensing receptors on parathyroid gland |
|
|
Short 4 & 5 digit in ? |
AHO |
|
|
Mcc of death in acromegaly? |
HF |
|
|
Rx acromegaly? |
Octreotide Pegvisomant |
|
|
Laron dwarfism pathophys? |
Defective GH receptor Inc GH Dec IGF |
|
|
Which hormone deficiency manifests fastest in sheehan post partum syn? |
Cortisol |
|
|
Hypopituitarism in obese women.dx? |
Empty sella syndrome |
|
|
Compression of pituitary stalk changes hormone profile? |
Inc prolactin Dec ADH |
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Hypothyroidism myopathy? |
Proximal muscle weakness Myoedema Inc CK |
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Graves dz presents in context of ? |
Stressor ie child birth |
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Pathophys of thyroid storm? |
Catecholamine surge seen as complication of thyrotoxicosis |
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Causeof death in thyroid storm? |
Arrhythmia |
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Rx of thyroid storm? |
Propranolol PTU Prednisolone |
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Mutations associated with papillary ca? |
RET BRAF |
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Superior thyroid a br of? |
ECA |
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Inf thyroid artery br of? |
Sub-clavian =>thyrocervical trunk |
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Branches of superior laryngeal nerve? Function? |
External br=> cricothyroid muscle Internal br=>supraglottic sensation |
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Cortisol effect on mast cells? |
Dec histamine release |
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Investigations for cushing’s? |
Mid night salivary cortisol 24 hr urinalysis Low dose dexamathasone suppression High dose ⬆️ |
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Cortisol effect on mast cells? |
Dec histamine release |
|
|
Investigations for cushing’s? |
Mid night salivary cortisol 24 hr urinalysis Low dose dexamathasone suppression |
|
|
Test to differentiate between ectopic cushing’s & dz? |
High dose CRH stimulation test |
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Lab values in tertiary adrenal insufficiency? |
Dec crh Dec tsh Dec cortisol Normal aldosterone |
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|
Cortisol effect on mast cells? |
Dec histamine release |
|
|
Investigations for cushing’s? |
Mid night salivary cortisol 24 hr urinalysis Low dose dexamathasone suppression |
|
|
Test to differentiate between ectopic cushing’s & dz? |
High dose CRH stimulation test |
|
|
Lab values in tertiary adrenal insufficiency? |
Dec crh Dec tsh Dec cortisol Normal aldosterone |
|
|
Adrenal insufficiencies with preserved aldo production? |
2 & 3 |
|
|
Cortisol effect on mast cells? |
Dec histamine release |
|
|
Investigations for cushing’s? |
Mid night salivary cortisol 24 hr urinalysis Low dose dexamathasone suppression |
|
|
Test to differentiate between ectopic cushing’s & dz? |
High dose CRH stimulation test |
|
|
Lab values in tertiary adrenal insufficiency? |
Dec crh Dec tsh Dec cortisol Normal aldosterone |
|
|
Adrenal insufficiencies with preserved aldo production? |
2 & 3 |
|
|
Ph defect in hyperaldo? |
Metabolic alkalosis |
|
|
Histo of hashimoto? |
Hurthle Lymphoid aggregates |
|
|
Thyroid arteries branches of? |
Superior => ECA Inferior => thyrocervical trunk |
|
|
AHO defect? Findings? |
Kidney insensitive to PTH Short stature Short 4 & 5 digits Hypocalcemia |
|
|
Thyroid arteries branches of? |
Superior => ECA Inferior => thyrocervical trunk |
|
|
AHO defect? Findings? |
Kidney insensitive to PTH Short stature Short 4 & 5 digits Hypocalcemia |
|
|
FHH defect? |
Parathyroid insensitivity to inc Ca |
|
|
Thyroid arteries branches of? |
Superior => ECA Inferior => thyrocervical trunk |
|
|
AHO defect? Findings? |
Kidney insensitive to PTH Short stature Short 4 & 5 digits Hypocalcemia |
|
|
FHH defect? |
Parathyroid insensitivity to inc Ca |
|
|
Laron dwarfism defect? |
GH receptor defective Inc GH dec IGF |
|
|
Mc ketone in breath, urine, blood? |
Acetone Acetoacetate B hydroxybutyrate |
|
|
Med acting thru activation of PPAR-¥?side effects? |
Rosiglitazone,pio- Wt gain edema HF fracture |
|
|
GLP1 analogs? Toxicity? |
Liraglutide,exenatide NV Pancreatitis |
|
|
DPP4 inhibitors? Toxicity ? |
Sita saxa linagliptin Urinary resp infection |
|
|
Amylin analog? Moa? Toxicity ? |
Pramlintide Dec gastric emptying dec glucagon Hypoglycemia |
|
|
SGLT2 inhibitors? |
Canagliflozin |
|
|
æ glucosidase inhibitors? |
Acarbose Miglitol |
|
|
Dd of smooth goiter? |
Graves Hashimoto Iron def TSH secreting pit adenoma |
|
|
Dd of smooth goiter? |
Graves Hashimoto Iron def TSH secreting pit adenoma |
|
|
Nodular goiter? |
Thyroid cyst Thyroid adenoma Thyroid ca Toxic multinodular goiter |
|
|
Dd of smooth goiter? |
Graves Hashimoto Iron def TSH secreting pit adenoma |
|
|
Nodular goiter? |
Thyroid cyst Thyroid adenoma Thyroid ca Toxic multinodular goiter |
|
|
Hypothyroidism causes? |
Cretinism De quervain Hashimoto Riedel’s Goitrogens Wolf-chaikoff Iodide deficiency |
|
|
Dd of smooth goiter? |
Graves Hashimoto Iron def TSH secreting pit adenoma |
|
|
Nodular goiter? |
Thyroid cyst Thyroid adenoma Thyroid ca Toxic multinodular goiter |
|
|
Hypothyroidism causes? |
Cretinism De quervain Hashimoto Riedel’s Goitrogens Wolf-chaikoff Iodide deficiency |
|
|
Riedel association ? |
Ig G4 related systemic diseases ie Autoimmune pancreatitis Retroperitoneal fibrosis Non infectious aortitis |
|
|
Dd of smooth goiter? |
Graves Hashimoto Iron def TSH secreting pit adenoma |
|
|
Nodular goiter? |
Thyroid cyst Thyroid adenoma Thyroid ca Toxic multinodular goiter |
|
|
Hypothyroidism causes? |
Cretinism De quervain Hashimoto Riedel’s Goitrogens Wolf-chaikoff Iodide deficiency |
|
|
Riedel association ? |
Ig G4 related systemic diseases ie Autoimmune pancreatitis Retroperitoneal fibrosis Non infectious aortitis |
|
|
Graves dz presents in setting of? |
Stressor=> child birth |
|
|
Thyroid arteries br of? |
Superior => ECA Inferior => sub clavian => thyrocervical trunk |
|
|
Dd of smooth goiter? |
Graves Hashimoto Iron def TSH secreting pit adenoma |
|
|
Nodular goiter? |
Thyroid cyst Thyroid adenoma Thyroid ca Toxic multinodular goiter |
|
|
Hypothyroidism causes? |
Cretinism De quervain Hashimoto Riedel’s Goitrogens Wolf-chaikoff Iodide deficiency |
|
|
Riedel association ? |
Ig G4 related systemic diseases ie Autoimmune pancreatitis Retroperitoneal fibrosis Non infectious aortitis |
|
|
Graves dz presents in setting of? |
Stressor=> child birth |
|
|
Thyroid arteries br of? |
Superior => ECA Inferior => sub clavian => thyrocervical trunk |
|
|
Papillary ca? |
Mc, excellent prognosis RET BRAF Psammoma , orphan anie nuclei, nuclear grooves Childhood radiation Lymphatic spread |
