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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Name 6 of the 8 hormones sythesised by the Hypothalamus? |
ADH -antidiuretic hormone & Oxytocin - (stored and secreted by posterior pituitary) PIF Prolactin inhibiting factor TRH Thyrotropin-releasing factor GnRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone Somatostatin GRF Growth hormone releasing factor CRH corticotropin - releasing factor |
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Physiochemical conditions that affect hormone receptor numbers and affinity |
pH, Temperature, ion concentration, diet, Other chemicals (i.e. drugs). Fluidity and structure of plasma membrane Mutations in receptor structure |
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Lipid soluble hormones |
Thyroxine (T3 & T4) Steroids: Glucocoricoids (cortisol), Mineralocoricoids (aldosterone). Oestrogen, Progestins, Testosterone Autocrine & paracrine hormones - Leukotrienes, Prostacyclins, Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes |
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What is up regulation?
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An increase in numbers of receptors in a cell - caused by low hormone concentrations
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Which hormones require the second messenger system |
Ones that are not lipid soluble, |
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TRH - Where is it made and what does it do?
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Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (hypothalamus) Stimulates release of TSH -Thyroid stimulating hormone Modulates prolactin secretion |
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CRH - Where is it made and what does it do? |
Corticotropin releasing hormone (hypothalamus) Stimulates the release of ACTH Andrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Somatostatin? |
aka GHIH growth hormone inhibiting hormone produced in the hypothalamus Inhibits release of GH - Growth hormone and TSH - Thyroid stimulating hormone |
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Antidiuretic Hormone does what?
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Increased water reabsorption in kidney. Regulated by osmoreceptors of hypothalamus |
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Oxytocin does? |
Contraction of the uterus and milk production Possibly bonding |
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Name 5 of the 7 Anterior Pituitary Hormones |
GH Growth Hormone ACTH Adrenocorticotropic Hormone TSH Thyroid stimulating Hormone MSH Melanocyte stimulating Hormone Prolactin Gonadotrophic hormones -FSH & LH Folice stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone |
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What controls the secretion of GH |
GHRH increases secretion somatostatin (GHIH) decreases secretion In a pulsatile manner. Peaks during adolesence |
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What does GH do? |
normal tissue growth and maturation increases osteoblast & osteoclast activity increases amino acid transport in muscles Affects sleep, aging, stress mediated by IGFs - Insulin like growth factors |
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What is the main function of the thyroid gland
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Controls rate of metabolic processes increases number of Na/K pumps, more mitochondria, more ATP. Increases glycolysis (energy from glucose) Regulates body heat |
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What is the main function of the parathyroid gland |
Regulate calcium levels |
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What hormones are produced by the thyroid |
T3 (10%) & T4 (90%). In body tissues T4 is converted into T3 Oh and calcitonin, which inhibits osteoclasts, but not by as much as PTH, so we don't mention it. |
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What hormones are released by the parathyroid?
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) |
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What are the main effects of PTH? where? |
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Works with vitamin D to increase blood calcium levels. Stimulates osteoclast activity. Increase calcium reabsorption in kidneys Increase absorption of calcium in GIT Decrease phosphate levels |
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Cells and hormones of the endocrine pancreas? |
Alpha cells - secrete glucagon beta cells - secrete insulin and amylin delta cells - gastrin & somatostatin |
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Main functions of insulin |
Increases glucose uptake in many cells, reducing blood glucose. Promotes synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates lipids and nucleic acids in liver, muscle and adipose tissue. |
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Main function of glucagon |
stimulated by low blood sugar & sympathetic ANS. Increases blood glucose. stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in liver |
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What hormones are secreted by the adrenal cortex
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Glucocorticoids - cortisol Mineralcorticoids - Aldosterone |
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Main effect of cortisol |
Metabolic, neurologic, anti-inflamatory & growth suppressing. Increase blood glucose (in response to stress), managing fat protein & carbohydrate breakdown. ↓ NK cells, ↓T cell proliferation & ↓ bone formation (inhibits osteoblast activity). ↓ inflammation - poor wound healing |
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What is the name of the disorder caused by too much GH? |
Acromegaly - after puberty 90% pituitary tumor Gigantism is before puberty |
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Signs / symptoms of acromegaly |
Increase size of hands and feet, thickening of skin, prominent jaw, large forehead.
Sweating odour (due to gland hyperplasia) Bitemporal hemiopia (casued by pituitary tumor) Diabetes mellitus Normal GH secretion patterns are lost |
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How might an overproduction of GH lead to Diabetes mellitus |
Increased GH leads to Increased blood glucose leads to increased insulin leads to down regulation of insulin receptors leads to insulin resistance - type II diabetes. |
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What is Grave's Disease? |
Type V hypersensitivity - Most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune disease affects the TSH receptor of the Thyroid. Leads to hyperthyroidism |
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Hashimoto's |
Immune system attacks the thyroid. leading to hypothyroidism. Most common in middle age women |
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Signs / symptoms of hyperthyroidism |
Exopthalmos, weight loss, tachycardia / palpitations
diarrhea, warm skin, sweaty palms restlessness, insomnia, short attention span, compulsive movement Normal or enlarged thyroid (helpful) |
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Addison's disease |
Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex. Lack of stress response, low BP, fatigue, weight loss, low blood sugar, joint pain, abdominal pain, nausea, salt craving Hyperpigmentation - as ↓Cortisol leads to ↑ ACTH, which comes from pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), which also makes MSH and beta endorphins |
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Cushing's Disease (syndrome) |
'disease' - pituitary tumor. weight gain in trunk and shoulders, moon face Purple stretch marks, fragile skin. slow healing of cuts muscle wasting (weakness) osteoporosis (↑osteoblast activity) immunosuppressed (↑infections) Sometimes insulin resistant diabetes |
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primary hyperthyroidism affects the levels of TSH, TRH, T3 & T4 how? |
Primary hyperthyroidism is the overproduction of T3 & T4 by the thyroid. The presence of T3 & T4 inhibit the release of TSH from the anterior pituitary and TRH from the hypothalamus |
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What is the main effect of Aldosterone |
↑ sodium reabsorption ↑ potassium and hydrogen excretion enhance cardiac muscle contraction |
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Diabetes Insipidus |
Not enough ADH, leading to polyuria (frequent urination) & frequent drinking Leading to dehydration: dry mouth, weakness, Low BP, ↑Blood sodium, fever, sunken eyes, headache, tachycardia, weight loss. Electrolyte imbalance: muscle pain, irritability, nausea, loss of appetite. |
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How are the levels of TSH, TRH, T3 and T4 affected by secondary hyperthyroidism? |
Secondary hyperthyroidism caused by the anterior pituitary producing too much TSH. This leads to ↑T3 & ↑T4. Both of these inhibit the release of TRH by both the short and long negative feedback loops. |
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Signs / symptoms of hypothyroidism? The most common disorder of thyroid function |
↓metabolism Cold intolerance, tiredness, ↓body temp, myxedema, coarse brittle hair. puffy face, brachycardia, constipation, ↓red blood cells leading to anaemia Hoarse speech |
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What is myxoedema? |
An effect of hypothyroidism not like 'normal' oedema. Caused by change in make up of connective tissues, ↑ hyerlonic acid, ↑GAGs Non pitting, boggy, oedema especially around hands, eyes and feet. Responsible for thickening of mucous membranes in tongue, larynx and pharynx - causing slurred speech and hoarseness |
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What are the signs / symptoms of hyperparathyroidism? |
Abdominal pain, bone pain (osteoporosis), muscle weakness, excessive urination. impaired memory, confusion, anxiety, depression. hypertension, nausea. bones, stones, groans and psychiatric overtones |
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Signs / symptoms of hypoparathyroidism |
Related to hypocalcemia. lowering of threshold for nerve and muscle stimulation. Paresthesia, muscle cramps and spasms, Also, dry skin, brittle nails, hair loss. |
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Type I Diabetes mellitus |
Insulin deficiency, beta cell destruction in pancreas. can lead to ketoacidosis most often develops before 30 yrs old. requires insulin injections Usually not obese - thin if not treated as lack nutrition |
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OGTT? |
Oral glucose tolerance test (diabetes mellitus) take a fasting blood glucose, then drink some sugar solution. check blood sugar levels again after a period of time. checks if body can metabolise sugar/carbohydrate |
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What is ketoacidosis |
Body hasn't got the insulin to allow glucose to enter cells, so the body breaks down lipids, a byproduct of which is acidic ketone bodies. beath may smell of acetone 'pear drops' tachycardia, confusion, vomiting, dehydration, coma |
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What is fasting blood sugar level to be diagnosed with diabetes mellitus |
<5.6 mmol/L 'normal' 5.6 - 6.9 mmol/L prediabetes >7 mmol/L diabetes mmol = millimoles per litre |
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Consequences of hyperglycemia (an almost inevitable consequence of diabetes) |
Microvasculature. squamous endothelium damaged, as blood thicker. affects Retina, kidneys, periperal nerves (vasa nervorum), heart blood supply. Hypertension, gastroparesis, Oxidative stress Dry cracked feet, |
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Common signs / symptoms of Type II diabetes mellitus |
hunger (esp if after eating) polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, blurred vision, |
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Metabolic syndrome |
A cluster of conditions ↑Blood pressure, ↑blood sugar, ↑body fat around waist, abnormal cholesterol ↑ risk of stoke, diabetes or heart disease |
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Diagnosis of Agromegaly |
GH suppression test. GH levels are measured before and after taking sugar solution. Normally GH is suppressed. Stay high in disease Elevated fasting GH and IGF-1 levels MRI for tumor |
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Grave's disease. Risk factors and tests |
Risk factors: family history, Women>men, <40yrs old, other autoimmune disorders, stress, pregnancy, smoking Blood test: low TSH, higher than normal T3 &T4 Test for antibody that cause's disease Radioactive iodine uptake: measure rate iodine (needed for T3 & T4) is taken into the thyroid |
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Hashimoto's a.k.a. chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis - risk factors & tests |
Risk factors: Women > men, other autoimmune, family history, middle age Blood test, for low T3 &T4, high TSH test for antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO antibodies) |
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Addison's disease causes & tests |
Autoimmune, TB, cancer, infection of adrenal glands. Secondary adrenal insufficiency (pituitary gland) Blood test: Na, K, cortisol & ACTH. Also antibodies ACTH stimulation test: cortisol levels after injection of synthetic ACTH Insulin induced hypoglycemia test: After injection with insulin healthy in healthy people ↑cortisol and ↓blood glucose |
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Cushings's Syndrome: causes and tests |
Taking corticosteriods for a long time
Benign tumor of pituitary gland (women>men) ectopic ACTH producing tumor adrenal adenoma (tumor of cortex) Blood / urine test for cortisol levels Saliva test in the evening when cortisol levels normall decrease |
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Diabetes insipidus causes & tests |
Damage to pituitary or hypothalamus Nephrogenic - defect in kidney tubules Gestational - placenta enzyme destroys ADH Prolonged excesses water intake tests water deprivation test urinalysis - less concentrated urine |
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Hyperparathyroidism: Causes & Risks |
Primary: adenoma, hyperplasia of parathyroid Secondary: severe calcium or Vitamin D deficiency. chronic kidney failure (unable to convert Vitamin D into usable form) Risks:Woman after menopause, radiation treatment that has exposed the neck, lithium (bipolar disorder drug) |
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Hypoparathyroidism: Causes, risks & tests |
Acquired: after damage during surgery (most common) Autoimmune disease: Hereditary Radiation therapy to neck, Low blood magnesium. Tests Blood test: for ↓calcium, ↓PTH, ↓magnesium, ↑phosporus Physical exam (for twitching), |
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Hyperparathyroidism; diagnostic tests |
Blood for ↑calcium, DEXA scan, Urine test for kidney function and ↑calcium levels. Imaging of kidneys for stones or other deformities |
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Type II diabetes risk factors |
Overweight (esp abdominal fat) Inactivity Family history Race: Blacks, hispanics, native americans, Asian americans more suseptible than whites Age esp. >45 yrs old Pre diabetes (fasting blood suger 5.6-6.9 mmol/L) Gestational diabetes Polycystic ovarian syndrome |
