Endocrine

Front 1

Def Endocrine glands

Back 1

Release their secretion internally.

Front 2

Def Exocrine glands

Back 2

Release their secretions onto an epithelial surface.

Front 3

Def Hormones

Back 3

Are the chemical messengers that are releases in one location, then transported through the bloodstream to a target organ in another location.

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Def Cytokines (or called?)

Back 4

(prostaglandins) are "local hormones" that effect primarily the tissue into which they are released.

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8 major endocrine glands + one other

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Hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, pancreas, adrenal, gonads. Pineal

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Organs with endocrine function

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Kidney, heart, placenta, and G.I. tract

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Posterior Pituitary

Back 7

Anti-Diuretic Hormone.

Oxytocin.

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Anti-Diuretic Hormone

Back 8

(ADH) (vasopressin) - decreased water loss at the kidneys

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Oxytocin

Back 9

Stimulates smooth muscle cells in the uterus and mammary glands (female) and the prostate (male)

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Anterior Pituitary's Hormones

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Thyroid-Stimulating(TSH) Adrenocorticotropic(ACTH)
Follicle-Stimulating(FSH)
Luteinizing(LH), Prolactin(PRL), Growth(GH), Melanocytes-Stimulating(MSH)

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ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE

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SECRETED BY THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND, REGULATES ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY OF THE ADRENALS TO RELEASE GLUCOCORTICOIDS

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Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (?)

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(TSH) targets thyroid to release thyroid hormones.

Front 13

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (?)

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(ACTH) stimulates adrenals to release GLUCOCORTICOIDS.

Front 14

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (?)

Back 14

(FSH) promotes egg formation in women and sperm prodution in men

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Luteinizing Hormone (?)

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(LH) promotes ovulation for females and testosterone production in men

Front 16

Growth Hormone (?)

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(GH) accelerates protein synthesis for body growth.

Front 17

Prolactin (?)

Back 17

(PRL) stimulates the mammary glands to produce milk

Front 18

Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (?)

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(MSH) stimulates production of melanin

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Glucocorticoids

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produced by the adrenal cortex, are involved in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory properties.

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2 main Thyroid Glands

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Thyroxine (T4)
Triiodothyronine (T3)

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Thyroxine (T?)

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(T4) increases energy utilization and metabolism

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Triiodothyronine

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(T3) similar but more potent than T4

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Calcitonin

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produced by the Chief Cells; inhibits osteoclasts- SLOWING THE RELEASE OF CALCIUM FROM BONES- and increases calcium elimination at the kidneys to reduce overall calcium lvl.

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Most common throid disease

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Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism)

Severe hypothyroidism can bring on Myxedema

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Parathyroid Hormone (?)

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(PTH) stimulates osteoclasts (which break down bone) and reduces Ca elimination in the kidneys in order to raise circulating calcium lvl.

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Thymus Gland

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-main role is in the maturation of T-lymphocytes (cell-mediated immunity) -location- mediastinum behind sternum

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What cells are produced by the Pancreas

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Alpha, Beta, Delta cells

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Alpha Cells

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glucagon

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Beta Cells

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insulin

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Delta Cells

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Somatostatin, which inhibits insulin and glucagon

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Type 1 diabetes

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insulin dependent

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Type 2 diabetes

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non-insulin-dependent

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Adrenal Glands

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Adrenal Cortex
Adrenal Medulla

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Adrenal Cortex produce

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corticosteroids

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Adrenal medulla produce

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catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine

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What are the Adrenal Cortex -Corticosteroids

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Mineralocorticoids, Glucocorticoids, Androgens

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Mineralocorticoids

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affect electrolyte concentration in bodily fluids; primary one in ALDOSTERONE.

Front 38

Aldosterone

Back 38

target the kidney, causing the retention of sodium, elimination of potassium, and reduces fluid loss

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Glucocorticoids

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include cortisol, corticosterone and cortisone (3 most important gluc.)
they accelerate glucose synthesis and glycogen storage in the liver; stimulates carbohydrate, and fats. anti-inflam by suppressing WBC activity

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Androgens

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poorly understood sex hormone produced by the adrenal cortex

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Adrenal medulla- epinephrine and norepinephrine

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these increase energy use by the cells, mobilize glycogen reserves, & increase ATP formation.

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Adrenal Diseases

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Cushing's syndrome
Addison's Disease

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Cushing's Syndrome

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(hyperadrenalism) results in blood sugar alteration, odd body fat distribution, atherosclerosis, and elevated cholesterol.

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Addison's Disease

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(hypoadrenalism) results i weakness, fatigue, decreased appetite, and weight loss

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Ovaries

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produce estrogen and progesterone which stimulate ovum formation and prepare the uterus for implantation

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Testes

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produce the androgen testosterone, which promotes sperm production and develops the secondary sexual characteristics of the male.

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Pineal Gland

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produces melatonin, which is believed to help regulate the circadian rhythm.

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circadian rhythm

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A daily rhythmic activity cycle, based on 24-hour intervals, that is exhibited by many organisms.

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Intestinal tract

Back 49

release of hormones affecting digestion (ex: gastrin & secretin)

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Heart

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atrial natriuretic hormone

Front 51

Erythropoietin

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stimulates the production of red blood cells in bone marrow in response to low circulating oxygen lvl

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Calcitriol

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stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate in the digestive tract

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Renin (kidneys)

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released in response to low circulating blood vol/pressure; combines with angiotensin to form angiotensin-II which in turn stimulates aldosterone production

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Angiotensin

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function in the body in controlling arterial pressure.

Front 55

aldosterone

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A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates the salt and water balance in the body.

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angiotensin II

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- a potent vasopressor agent formed from angiotensin I