Endocrine 1

Front 1

Name five functions of the endocrine system

Back 1

Growth and development
Response to stress and injury
Reproduction
Ionic homeostasis
Regulation of energy metabolism

Front 2

What is the master control gland of the body?

Back 2

Pituitary gland

Front 3

Are the majority of endocrine organs epithelial in nature?

Back 3

Yes. They arise from epithelial cells of the endoderm. They have characteristics of that tissue.

Front 4

Describe vascularity of endocrine organs.

Back 4

Very vascularized, so when they produce their hormones they can disperse it into body supply rapidly. Endocrine organs are ductless.

Front 5

Describe storage capacity of endocrine organs

Back 5

Varies. Adrenal cortex which makes corticosteroids has no storage capacity, After it makes corticosteroids, it releases immediately. If you have dysfunction of adrenals, there might be absence of corticosteroids,

Front 6

Are some organs both endocrine/exocrine?

Back 6

Yes, pancreas is an example.

Front 7

What is a hormone?

Back 7

A chemical substance that is secreted into bodily fluid that has physiological control effect on other cells or tissues. Hormones can control other endocrine organs to product other hormones

Front 8

What is autocrine?

Back 8

Ability of organ to produce a hormone that will affect its own function. Autocrine function is negative like feedback.

Front 9

How are hormones released based on time?

Back 9

Released on a circadian rhythm. If you have physiological stress, release will be affected.

Front 10

What is ultradian rhythm?

Back 10

Noncircadian rhythm, less than 24 hours

Front 11

What is infraduan rhythm?

Back 11

Release of hormone in greater than 24 hour cycle. Example is female menstrual cycle.

Front 12

How are hormones grouped?

Back 12

Water-soluble vs lipid-soluble hormones

Front 13

What are some features of water-solubles hormones?

Back 13

Bind to receptor at cell surface
Receptor binding triggers the activation and/or production of intracellular proteins.

Front 14

Describe binding of lipid-soluble hormones. What are some examples?

Back 14

Steroids of any time. When they reach their target cells, they can pass through cell membranes, and directly bind on sites of DNA and change activity of cell.Hormone-receptor complex binds to a specific site on the promoter region on DNA and activates RNA polymerase --- stimulates DNA transcription

Front 15

Name the classes of hormones

Back 15

Proteins, glycoproteins, polypeptides, amines, steroids, fatty acids

Hint 15

6

Front 16

Which hormones are mostly water-soluble?

Back 16

Amines, many polypeptides, glycoproteins, and proteins are water-soluble and bind to cell surface receptor.

Hint 16

4

Front 17

Which hormones are mostly lipid soluble?

Back 17

Steroids and fatty acids are more lipid soluble.

Hint 17

2

Front 18

Why is the pituitary gland called the master control gland?

Back 18

Its activity affects the activity of other endocrine organs. It is pivotal in maintaining homeostasis.

Front 19

Describe structure of pituitary gland

Back 19

Connected to hypothalamus. Looks like a squished grape, very small.

Front 20

What do the nuclei in the hypothalamus control?

Back 20

The amount of salt we have in the body. The receptors on the nuclei will sense abnormal levels of salt and will signal the pituitary gland to exert a change in activity

Front 21

What is the hierarchical control of hormone release?

Back 21

Hypothalamus release "releasing hormones" which bind to receptors on anterior pituitary. Anterior pituitary produces its own hormones has simulating hormones which goes through blood stream and change activity of thyroid, adrenals, ovaries/testes.

Front 22

Describe how negative feedback works

Back 22

In response to excess amounts in body, hormones will bind to receptors on higher hormones like anterior pituitary and reduce the overall released.

Front 23

Name the classes of hormones

Back 23

Proteins, glycoproteins, polypeptides, amines, steroids, fatty acids

Hint 23

6

Front 24

Which hormones are mostly water-soluble?

Back 24

Amines, many polypeptides, glycoproteins, and proteins are water-soluble and bind to cell surface receptor.

Hint 24

4

Front 25

Which hormones are mostly lipid soluble?

Back 25

Steroids and fatty acids are more lipid soluble.

Hint 25

2

Front 26

Why is the pituitary gland called the master control gland?

Back 26

Its activity affects the activity of other endocrine organs. It is pivotal in maintaining homeostasis.

Front 27

Describe structure of pituitary gland

Back 27

Connected to hypothalamus. Looks like a squished grape, very small.

Front 28

What do the nuclei in the hypothalamus control?

Back 28

The amount of salt we have in the body. The receptors on the nuclei will sense abnormal levels of salt and will signal the pituitary gland to exert a change in activity

Front 29

What is the hierarchical control of hormone release?

Back 29

Hypothalamus release "releasing hormones" which bind to receptors on anterior pituitary. Anterior pituitary produces its own hormones has simulating hormones which goes through blood stream and change activity of thyroid, adrenals, ovaries/testes.

Front 30

Describe how negative feedback works

Back 30

In response to excess amounts in body, hormones will bind to receptors on higher hormones like anterior pituitary and reduce the overall released.

Front 31

Name an example of positive feedback

Back 31

Oxytocin is a product of the posterior pituitary hormones. It is used to facilitate child birth. Oxytocin binds to uterus and stimulates uteric contraction. It will bind to oxytocin receptors on the uterus. There is a product released from the uterus, sensed by the hypothalamus, and reduce more oxytocin. This occurs until child is delivered

Hint 31

Pregnancy

Front 32

Give an example of endocrine regulation

Back 32

Example: Anterior pituitary releases GH. GH goes throughout body and binds to everything.

Releases of thyroid stimulating hormone. That will bind to receptors on thyroid. Thyroid will released T3, T4. T3,T4 binds to cell and tissues and will act on their physiological function. T3,T4 increases metabolism, activity

Anterior pituitary is regulating the thyroid.

Hint 32

Anterior pituitary, GH

Front 33

What is neural control

Back 33

Some hormones are released in response to direct stimulation of neurons. Product of posterior pituitary is released in response to neuronal activity.
Product of adrenal medulla is a product of nerves being stimulated and releasing their product.

Front 34

Compare hormonal control to neural control in terms of speed

Back 34

Neural control is rapid. Hormonal control is not as immediate

Front 35

What hormones affect breakdown of fat?

Back 35

Testosterone, GH, there is an interplay of different hormones that control one function

Front 36

What is an example of one hormone controlling one function?

Back 36

Product of anterior pituitary, ACTH. The only organ that has receptors is the adrenals. ACTH will only control the functions of that one organ

Front 37

Describe the percentage of makeup of the pituitary gland by the anterior and posterior pituitary

Back 37

Anterior pituitary makes up of 2/3 of total pituitary. Posterior is 1/3. They have distinct textures because they are composed of different things

Front 38

Describe the makeup of the anterior pituitary

Back 38

Anterior pituitary is an epithelial tissue and is glandular. Glandular tissues usually form circular patterns and are highly vascularized.

Front 39

Describe the makeup of the posterior pituitary

Back 39

Very sparse arrangement because it is a neural tissue.

Front 40

Does the posterior pituitary hormone really produce anything?

Back 40

No.
It is an extension of the hypothalamus. Product released, oxytocin, ADH, is a product of the nuclei of the hypothalamus. It goes through the nerve tracks of the posterior pituitary.

Front 41

What does ADH do?

Back 41

Goal when released, to reduce secretion of water in body through kidney. If you release more ADH, you get more blood volume.

Front 42

What does the anterior pituitary hormone release?

Back 42

GH, ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH

Hint 42

5

Front 43

What does the growth hormone do?

Back 43

Responsible for facilitating growth cells and tissue and maintaining their physiological function

Front 44

What does the ACTH do?

Back 44

Facilitate adrenal function. It can have functions on carbohydrate metabolism, mineral corticoids, release of sexual hormones, and secondary sexual hormones.

Front 45

What does the TSH do?

Back 45

Stimulates thyroid which releases its own product. Goal of T3,T4 to increase metabolic rate of cells, to facilitate carbohydrate turnover, improve metabolism, improve overall activity of cell

Front 46

What does FSH and LH do?

Back 46

Critical to facilitating fertility. If you have dysfunction of these, you get dysfunction of libido, menstrual cycle, other things related to sexual activity of the body.

Front 47

What is hypofunction of pituitary caused by?

Back 47

Majority of hypofunction is due to formation of nonsecretory tumor in or around area of pituitary.

Front 48

How much of the pituitary function do you have to lose before you notice anything?

Back 48

You have to lose 75% of pituitary function in order to get a manifestation in physiological effect.

Front 49

What is the major dysfunction of hypofunction of the posterior pituitary?

Back 49

Diabetes insipidus. Insipidus means continuous loss of fluid based on dysfunction of posterior pituitary.

Front 50

What is the etiology of diabetes insipius?

Back 50

Neurogenic
Psychogenic
Nephrogenic

Front 51

What happens if ADH is not expressed?

Back 51

No longer can maintain volume, more excretion.

Front 52

Is neurogenic, psychogenic common for daibetes insipidus?

Back 52

Nope, Nephrogenic is more common.

Front 53

Explain nephrogenic phenomenon for diabetes insipidus

Back 53

Pathological state in body that diminishes activity of ADH. Target cell of ADH is impaired. Large amount of ADH receptors are on the collecting ducts on kidneys. Forms a conformational change, allows a pore to form, this pore can move water from inside the body space into the urine

Front 54

Explain psychogenic in terms of etiology of diabetes insipidus

Back 54

Occasion where severe stress, agitation that causes psychic event. Leads to reduced rate of ADH. You would have more blood volume, urine being released. Also increase in thirst as a response. You can lose 4-6 L per day. Commonly seen in women in 30s-50s

Front 55

Explain neurogenic in terms of etiology of diabetes insipidus

Back 55

If you have disease state of hypothalamus or nervous system.

Front 56

How is ADH affected by urine molality

Back 56

As urine osmolality becomes less to more concentrated, you have a release of ADH. If you secrete a lot of ADH, your urine osmolality will be fairly low. Once osmality becomes more dilute, more water in urine, then the function is to make more ADH. You don't want to make it that dilute

Front 57

How do you treat neurogenic?

Back 57

Give medication, desmopressin. It is diuretic hormone.

Front 58

How do you treat psychogenic?

Back 58

Consulting

Front 59

How do you treat nephrogenic?

Back 59

Can't.
Major cause is renal disease and chronic renal failure. Collecting ducts, the ADH receptors die, you have dilute urine because can't maintain blood volume. Can't really give more ADH. Give fluids. Dialysis.