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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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hormone definition
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made in one organ
carried in blood |
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etymology hormone
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Greek hormon - to set in motion
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quantities of hormones necessary to exert effect
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minute
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chemical mediators that act on nearby cells
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paracrine
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mechanism of gradation nervus vs. endo
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neuro = frequency
endo = amplitude (can refer to amplification that occurs in signal transduction) |
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3 types of hormones
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peptide/polypeptide
steroid amino acid derivatives |
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how do steroid hormones get into the blood
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binding hormones
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cholesterol has __ carbon rings
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4
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ANP is from where
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heart
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effect of ANP
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regulates vascular tone and volume
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negative feedback of PTH
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PTH increases Ca
Ca decreases PTH via negative feedback |
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3 types of negative feedback
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1. between hormone pairs
2. between hormone and metabolite (ex. PTH and Ca) 3. between antagonistic pairs of hormones |
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progesterone effect on LH and FSH
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positive
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estrogen effect on LH and FSH
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positive or negative
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why a single hormone can have different effects in different cells
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each cell has its own complements of second messengers
ex. Test is converted into DHT in some cells, which is more potent |
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3 things that increase serum glucose
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glucagon
adrenal hormones (catecholamines, cortisol) |
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3 factors affecting hormone production
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1. regulation of gene expression by other hormones
2. availability of necessary substrates 3. innervation |
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what can happen with high hormone concentration
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downregulation
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3 functions of variable release rate into blood
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1. fine tunes physiological responses
2. prevents receptor down-regulation 3. attenuates negative feedback due to constant exposure |
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what does variable release rate mean
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changes throughout the day
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ultradian secretion
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varies from minutes to hours
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example of something secreted by ultradian secretion
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GnRH, LH
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factors affecting hormone action
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1. hormone production
2. plasma hormone dynamics 3. receptors and signal transduction |
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3 components of plasma hormone dynamics
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1. carrier proteins
2. converting/deactivating enzymes 3. metabolic clearance |
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roles of hormone carrier proteins (4)
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solubility
stability metabolic clearance bioavailability |
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role of COMT
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deactivates catecholamines
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if a substance is bound to binding glubulin is it bioavailable
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no
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synthesis of protein hormones
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translated as prohormone in ER
usually longer than active hormone post translational modification in the Golgi |
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types of post translational modification
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glycosylation
myristolation enzymatic cleavage |
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GPCR associated pathways
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cAMP
PLC |
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2 types of steroid hormone receptors
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cytosolic
nuclear |
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4 lipid soluble ligands
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steroids
thyroid hormone vit D retinoic acid |
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look at slide 29
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ok
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how do steroid hormones get out of the cell that makes them
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they diffuse down the conc gradient
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what are steroids boumd to in blood
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shbg
cbg corticotropin binding globulin |
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how does amplification of steroid hormone response occur
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one hormone molecule -> multiple copies of RNA
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what is required for gene upregulation (downregulation) to occur
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coactivators
corepressors |
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where are steroids inactivated
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liver
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how are steroids inactivated in the liver
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oxidation
hydroxylation conjugation to organic acids more polar for urinary excretion |
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methods for measuring hormones
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1. bioassay
2. radioimmunoassay 3. ELISA |
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example of measuring a hormone response using bioassay
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look at uterus weight vs. amount of estrogen
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