Endocrine 1

Front 1

What are the main glands of the classical endocrine system?

Back 1

1) Hypophysis Cerebri
2) Thyroid
3) Parathyroid
4) Adrenal
5) Pancreas
6) Ovary
7) Testis

Front 2

What are the organs of the diffuse endocrine system?

Back 2

1) Pineal Body
2) Thymus
3) Stomach
4) Spleen
5) Kidney cortex
6) Duodenum
7) Liver

Front 3

Types of Hormones

Back 3

1) Proteins
2) Glycoproteins
3) Polypeptides
4) Steroids
5) Amines

Front 4

Hormone Actions

Back 4

1) Control and regulation of cellular activity
2) Act in small amounts, rapidly used/destroyed, so glands are very active
3) Affect one organ or organ system, may act on wide variety of cells for general effect (insulin)
4) Activity dependent on hormone specific receptors on or in cell. Act via modulators or intracellular messengers (cAMP, phosphoinositol system, calmodulin etc.)

Front 5

Endocrine gland secretion properties

Back 5

1) mostly controlled by anterior pituitary tropic hormones (regulated by hypothalamic neurohormones) or
2) concentration of substance in plasma endocrine gland.
2) Feedback control in both instances.

Front 6

Origin of endocrine glands

Back 6

1) Epithelial
2) Exceptions: Posterior pituitary and Adrenal medulla (neural tissue derived from neural crest cells)
3) Glands detach from epithelium and are ductless

Front 7

Location of Pituitary gland

Back 7

1) In Sella Turcica (depression in sphenoid bone)
2) Diaphragma sellae- extension of dura matter encircling hypophysial stalk

Front 8

Hypothalamus Properties

Back 8

1) High center for integration of ANS (receives and integrates neural afferents)
2) Controls endocrine system
3) Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary link between nervous and endocrine system

Front 9

Affects of Pituitary Tumors

Back 9

Affects the optic chiasm first due to proximity

Front 10

Pituitary Gland development

Back 10

1) Posterior Pituitary: invaginates downward from floor of diencephalon (neuroectoderm)
2) Anterior Pituitary: Forms Rathke's Pouch from roof of mouth. Separates and connects to stalk.

Front 11

Pituitary gland blood supply and vessels

Back 11

1) Anterior: no direct arterial supply.
2) Posterior: direct arterial supply (inf. hypophysial art.)
3) Efferent veins serve both ant. and post pit.
4) Superior hypophysial artery supplies primary capillary plexus in median eminence.
5) Hypophysial portal vessels connect primary and secondary capillary beds.
6) Terminal portal vessel: connect 2 capillary beds w/o returning to heart.

Front 12

Hypophysis Innervation

Back 12

1) Paraventricular nucleus (Oxytocin) and Supraoptic nucleus (ADH) innervates post. pit. via hypothalamohypophysial tract.
2) Arcuate nucleus innervates primary capillary plexus via tuberoinfundibular tract affects secretory cells of ant. pit.

Front 13

Posterior Pituitary names

Back 13

1) Neurohypophysis
2) Posterior Lobe
3) Pars nervosa
4) Infundibular process

Front 14

Posterior Pituitary secretions

Back 14

1) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin): from SO, some PV
2) Oxytocin: from PV, some SO
3) Neurophysins: carrier protiens, transport hormones
4) cells have rER, Golgi, many secretory granules

Front 15

Herring Bodies

Back 15

Dilation of axon terminals created by accumulation of neurosecretory granules

Front 16

Posterior Pituitary CT elements

Back 16

1) Fibroblasts
2) Mast Cells
3) Pituicytes: glial type cells assoc. w/ fenestrated capillaries.

Front 17

Posterior pituitary control of function

Back 17

Humoral (blood elements) and Neural

Front 18

ADH (Vasopressin) Function

Back 18

1) Controls water balance by retention in kidney
2) Decreases H20 elimination, prevents dieresis (lost of H20)

Front 19

Control of ADH secretion

Back 19

Humoral: plasma osmolarity (osmoreceptors) stimulates neurons that synapse on PV and SO (mostly)
-Salt: +osmolarity, +ADH, -H20 excretion
-Water: -osmolarity/ADH, +H20 excretion

Neural: sensory impulses from carotid and aortic baroreceptors
- Hemorrhage: + ADH, -H20 excretion

Front 20

Oxytocin Function

Back 20

1) stimulate uterine contraction during labor
2) engender milk release in lactation (not synthesis of milk)
3) Males, stimulate secondary gland smooth muscles
4) may be involved in adult bond formation
5) mainly neural control

Front 21

Neuro-endocrine reflex of oxytocin

Back 21

1) sensory stimulation from nipple on DRG
2) spinal cord to hypothalamus PV and SO
3) stimulation of release of oxytocin, transport to myoepithelial cells in breast to release milk
4) in uterus-stimulate smooth muscle cell

Front 22

Adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary, pars distalis) secretions

Back 22

1) Growth Hormone (GH) aka somatotropic hormone
2) Prolactin (PR)
3) thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
4) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
5) Luteinizing hormone (LH)
6) Melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
7) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
8) Beta-lipotropin (LPH)
-6,7,8 derive from proopiomelanocortin (POMC)
-only protein, peptides, glycoprotein

Front 23

Acidophil secretions (40%) of Chorophils

Back 23

1) Growth Hormone - somatotrope
2) Prolactin - mammotrope

Front 24

Basophil secretions (10%)

Back 24

1) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone - Thyrotrope
2) Follicle stimulating hormone - FSH - gonadotrope, ovary and testis
3) Luteinizing hormone - LH - gonadotrope, ovary and testis
4) Adrenocorticotropic hormone - corticotrope, adrenal cortex not Zona Glomerulosa
5) Beta-lipotropin - corticotrope
6) Melanocyte stimulating hormone - corticotrope

Front 25

Chromophobes (50%)

Back 25

Colorless
Stem cells
Degranulated cells

Front 26

What are the tuberohypophysial (tuberinfundibular) tract releasing & inhibitory hormones

Back 26

1) TRH
2) CRH
3) Gn-RH
4) PIF (PRF)
5) GHRH (GHIH-somatostatin)
6) MIF (MRF)

Front 27

Hormone Half-lifes

Back 27

Releasing Hormones (peptides): seconds, picogram amounts
Pituitary hormones (proteins): min, nm amounts
Target gland hormones: hrs, ng amounts

Front 28

Pars Intermedia structure and secretion

Back 28

Structure: basophilic cells similar to ant. pit., cells often extend to neural lobe, arranged in small vesicles with colloid in lumen
Secretion: melanocyte stimulating hormone in lower forms of life, low levels in humans

Front 29

What is Pars Tuberalis

Back 29

Extension of anterior pituitary forms a cuff of glandular tissue around infundibular stem.
Made of small acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes, arranged in follicles
Portal vessels located here.

Front 30

Pineal gland

Back 30

1) Secrete melatonin from pinealocyte
2) inhibit steroid secretion in gonads
3) input from retina (light stimulation)
4) melatonin 10x higher at night than day time
5) children with tumors that destroy pineal gland have early puberty
6) animals: regulate estrus "coming into heat" by light/dark cycles

Front 31

Menarche

Back 31

onset of menstruation, 9-14 years old

Front 32

What is Corpora arenacea?

Back 32

-brain sand in pineal gland
-made of calcium phosphates and carbonates
-used in X-rays for edema evaluation