Endocrine 05 - Glucagon Interactions And Diabetes

Front 1

How do insulin and glucagon modulate body fuel stores?

Back 1

Insulin - stores energy from glucose intake.
Glucagon - releases glucose to tissues bewteen meals.

Front 2

How do insulin and glucagon modulate glycogen levels?

Back 2

Insulin - promotes glycogen deposition by activating glycogen synthase.
Glucagon - stimulates glyogen breakdown by activating glycogen phosphorylase.

Front 3

How do insulin and glucagon modulate gluconeogenesis?

Back 3

Insulin - inhibits gluconeogenesis.
Glucagon - promotes gluconeogenesis.

Front 4

How do insulin and glucagon modulate ketogenesis?

Back 4

Insulin - inhibits ketongenesis.
Glucagon - stimulates ketogenesis.

Front 5

How do insulin and glucagon modulate TAGs?

Back 5

Insulin - activates TAG synthesis, storage of fat.
Glucagon - promotes lypolysis, freeing FFA's into the circulation.

Front 6

How do insulin and glucagon modulate protein synthesis?

Back 6

Insulin - stimulates protein synthesis.
Glucagon - promotes protein breakdown to amino acids, which are converted to glucose.

Front 7

What is the role of somatostatin in glucose metabolism?

Back 7

Somatostatin suppresses both insulin and glucagon.

Front 8

What is the effect of insulin on somatostatin?

Back 8

Insulin suppresses somatostatin and continues energy storage.

Front 9

What is the effect of glucagon on somatostatin?

Back 9

Glucagon activates somatostatin, which will inhibit glucagon (and insulin) in a negative feedback loop.

Front 10

What is the effect of insulin on glucagon?

Back 10

Insulin suppresses glucagon because you cannot store energy and release it at the same time.

Front 11

What is the effect of glucagon on insulin?

Back 11

Glucagon activates insulin to moderate glucose release, because glucose can't be wasted.

Front 12

Which organs will somatostatin regulate by suppression?

Back 12

Intestine and Pancreas.

Front 13

In the fed state (glucose influx), how will glucagon and insulin respond?

Back 13

Insulin is activated to uptake glucose into brain, liver, muscle, and adipose tissue.

Front 14

In the fasting state, how will glucagon and insulin respond?

Back 14

BOTH glucagon and insulin are activated (glucagon activates insulin) so glucose released by glucagon can be transported to the brain, liver, muscle and adipose tissues by insulin.

Front 15

During the sympathetic (fight or flight) response, how will glucagon and insulin respond?

Back 15

Glucagon is activated, while insulin levels are decreased. Increased demand for glucose in fight or flight decreases glucose uptake to the organs except for the muscle.

Front 16

How do glucagon and insulin respond to severe trauma?

Back 16

Stress hormones will increase glucagon levels, and insulin levels will decrease.

Front 17

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes?

Back 17

Insulin resistance due to a genetic disposition, excessive food intake, or both.

Front 18

Which type of diabetes is insulin-dependent, and which is insulin-independent?

Back 18

Type 1 is insulin-dependent, and type 2 is insulin-independent.

Front 19

What is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

Back 19

Non-functioning beta cells that cannot release insulin. Type 1 diabetics have no insulin in the plasma at all.

Front 20

How do you treat type 2 diabetes?

Back 20

Weight loss, insulin increasing drugs (sulfonylurea), exercise.

Front 21

How do you treat type 1 diabetes?

Back 21

Insulin injections, restrict diet, exercise.

Front 22

Describe the actions of the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle after a large carbohyrdate rich meal.

Back 22

Liver - large glucose uptake, no ketoacid output.
Adipose - large lipid storage.
Muscle - no protein degradation.

Front 23

Describe the actions of the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle after a small meal.

Back 23

Liver - smaller glucose uptake, no ketoacid output.
Adipose - smaller lipid storage.
Muscle - no protein degradation.

Front 24

Describe the actions of the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle for a fasting individual.

Back 24

Liver - glycogenolysis will release glucose, ketoacids also released. No insulin results in the overuse of the lipolytic pathway which releases FFA's and ketones.
Adipose - lipolysis will release FFA's into the circulation.
Muscle - protein degradation will occur.

Front 25

Describe the actions of the liver, adipose tissue, and muscle in a diabetic individual.

Back 25

Liver - glycogenolysis will release glucose, ketoacids also released.
Adipose - lipolysis will release FFA's into the circulation.
Muscle - protein degradation will occur.
*Body tissues sense a low level of glucose, though it is high in circulation,

Front 26

What is one symptom in diabetics caused by excess glucose in the circulation?

Back 26

Polydipsia/polyuria because of high osmolarity of the blood will increase urine output.

Front 27

Extreme cases of diabetes will result in coma and death. Describe how this pathway would occur.

Back 27

Loss of insulin leads to very high levels of glucose in the blood, which results in hypertonic kidney filtrate, loss of water and electrolytes, and dehydration. Prolonged cases of diabetes will result in very low blood pressure, loss of renal blood flow, anuria, and eventually coma/death.

Front 28

What mechanism of lipid metabolism will try to compensate for diabetes?

Back 28

Lipolysis and ketogenesis result in metabolic acidosis, ketonuria, and loss of Na.

Front 29

What mechanisms of amino acid metabolism are affected by diabetes?

Back 29

Amino acid metablism is overutilized. Increased gluconeogenesis, increased urinary nitrogen from amino acid metabolism, increased loss of K+ from the body (due to lack of insulin) and hypokalemia.

Front 30

How will metabolic acidosis affect respiratory rate?

Back 30

Increases respiratory rate. Increased ketoacidosis in the blood mimics an increase in carbonic acid as if there were an oxygen deficit. This will increase lactic acid production.