Endocrin System

Front 1

the endocrine system is....

Back 1

the sub system of the nervous system that controls smooth and cardiac muscle and glands

Front 2

what is a unique part of the Autonomic system

Back 2

the autonomic ganglion

Front 3

autonomic ganglion

Back 3

a mass of nerve tissue outside the cns that contains cell bodies.

Front 4

The ANS has 2 subdivision

Back 4

sympathetic parasympathetic

Front 5

the sypathetic system

Back 5

part of the ANS - fight or flight. Allows body to deal with extreme situations that would knock it out of homeostasis

Front 6

What are the symptoms of a sympathetic response

Back 6

The are rapid.

rapid breathing
increased heart rate
increased blood pressure
dry mouth
dialated pupils
constricted bladder
decrease in peristalsis

Front 7

peristalsis

Back 7

food moving through gi tract

Front 8

where does the sympathetic division originate from

Back 8

T1-L2 Its the thoraculmnar outflow

Front 9

where is the ganglion in the sympathetic system

Back 9

always in front or next to the SC.

Front 10

What are the terms for in front and next to for the ganglion

Back 10

prevertabral - in front
paravertabral - on side

Front 11

What is the major function of the endocrine system

Back 11

to maintain homeostasis

Front 12

The majority of homones in the endocrine system are released using

Back 12

negative feedback loops

Front 13

The nervous system works by

Back 13

conduction action potentials that trigger the release of neurotransmitters at a synapse

Front 14

the endocrine system works by

Back 14

releasing chemicals called hormones

Front 15

the effects of the nervous system vs the endocrine system

Back 15

the nervous system has short term effects the endocrine system has long term

Front 16

The nervous system and the endocrine system generally work...

Back 16

together. The control every function in the body

Front 17

Hormones are...

Back 17

chemical messengers released by endocrine glands

Front 18

What do hormones affect

Back 18

cells somewhere else in the body

Front 19

Target cell

Back 19

any cell affected by a hormone

Front 20

hormones produce ________ responses than

Back 20

slower

than the nervous system

Front 21

what is the time for hormones to work

Back 21

some work in a couple of seconds but most take a couple of minutes

Front 22

The affects of the endocrine system tend to be much

Back 22

broader than the nerovous system

Front 23

Why are the affects of the endocrine system broader than the nervous system

Back 23

hormones can affect all types of body cells.

Front 24

Describe the super system

Back 24

The nervous system and the endocrine system working together. The nervous system will stop or start the release of hormones

Front 25

What does the release of hormones cause

Back 25

the generation of action potentials.

Front 26

exocrine glands

Back 26

produce a product secreted into a duct and then the duct carries the product into cavities, organs or onto a surface.

Front 27

What are 4 examples of an exocrine gland

Back 27

digestive, mucous, sebacous, sudoriforous glands

Front 28

endocrine glands

Back 28

secrete hormones into the blood and then the blood carries them through the body.

Front 29

what is 4 examples of endocrine glands

Back 29

thyroid pituitary adrenal pineal

Front 30

some glands even though they are not endocrine glands.... (what are they)

Back 30

secrete hormones.

pancreas kidneys liver stomach small intestines skin heart placenta testes ovarys

Front 31

hormones will only affect

Back 31

target cells and will ignore all other cells

Front 32

hormone receptor

Back 32

a protien on the surface of the target that the hormone binds to

Front 33

only target cells have

Back 33

hormone receptors

Front 34

usually targets have _________ receptors for a given hormone

Back 34

2000-100,000

Front 35

Down regulation occurs...

Back 35

if the amount of a hormone is excessive in the blood

Front 36

Down regulation causes

Back 36

the number of protien receptors for that hormone to decrease on the target cell

Front 37

Up regulation occurs

Back 37

whne the hormone levels in the blood are low.

Front 38

Up regulation causes

Back 38

the number of protien receptors on the target cell to increase

Front 39

down regulation makes the target...

Back 39

less responsive to the hormone.

Front 40

up regulation makes the target...

Back 40

more responsive

Front 41

What are the 2 general types of hormones

Back 41

circulating- leae the cell that produced them and they enter the blood stream

local - act on the cell that made them or on a neighboring cell but do not enter the blood stream

Front 42

which type of hormone does not enter the blood

Back 42

local

Front 43

what are the 2 types of local hormones

Back 43

paracrines- act on neighboring cells
autocrines - act on the cell the made it

Front 44

What are the 2 classes of hormones

Back 44

lipidsoluble- easily diffuse through the cell membrane

water soluble- cannot diffuse through on their own.

Front 45

Examples of lipid soluble hormones

Back 45

steroids
thyroid hormones
nitrisoxide

Front 46

Steroids

Back 46

a type of lipid soluble hormone - testoerone, estrogen. Which have diverse funtions produced from cholesterol and have a unique 4 ring structure

Front 47

thyroid hormones

Back 47

produced from T3 and T4. produced from amino acid tyrosine

Front 48

Nitricoxide

Back 48

released by cells lining blood vessles causes vasodialation which increases blood flow to a region

Front 49

Examples of water soluble hormones

Back 49

amines
protiens and peptides
eicosanoids

Front 50

amines

Back 50

simplest of all hormones histamine seratonin melatonin

Front 51

protiens and peptides always have

Back 51

betwen 3 and 200 amino acids

Front 52

eicosanoids

Back 52

a 2D carbon fatty acid (arachiadonic acid) phostoglandins and leukotrines

Front 53

Describe hormones action

Back 53

They most always annoucnce their arrival to the target cells by binding to protien receptors on the targets surface or inside the target.

Front 54

if the hormone is lipid soluble the receptors ....

Back 54

are inside

Front 55

if the hormone is water soluble the receptors are

Back 55

outside

Front 56

lipid soluble hormones work by

Back 56

direct gene activation they diffuse through the membrane and bind to the receptors that will activate or deactivate DNA

Front 57

water soluble hormones act by

Back 57

using 2nd messengers

Front 58

What is the 1st messenger in water soluble action

Back 58

water soluble hormone

Front 59

G protien is located.

Back 59

is on the surface of the target cell, and is what the water soluble hormone binds to

Front 60

The g protien activates

Back 60

adenolate cyclase

Front 61

adenolate cyclase is...

Back 61

a group of enzymes on the inner membrane of the target

Front 62

Adenolate cyclase activates..

Back 62

ATP

Front 63

After ATP is activated what does the ATP activate

Back 63

cAMP

Front 64

cAMP activates

Back 64

protien kinases

Front 65

protien kinases

Back 65

a group of protiens inside the target. Depending which ones are activated they will determine how the target cell reacts to the hormone. causing it to secrete or stop secreteing.

Front 66

phosphodiesterase

Back 66

another enzyme that is activated that inactivates cAMP stopping the process

Front 67

Most hormones are secreted in...

Back 67

short bursts

Front 68

when it is the endocrine gland is activley stimulated a hormone secretes...

Back 68

more frequently leading to down regulation.

Front 69

What leads to up regulation

Back 69

when the endocrine gland is not being stimulated the hormone levels drop

Front 70

What are the 3 things that help regulate secretion of a hormone

Back 70

nervous system chemical changes in blood or other hormones

Front 71

The autonomic system has

Back 71

many axon colaterals so sypathetic effects are wide spread

Front 72

the parasympathetic is system

Back 72

is the housekeeping system. Its alwas active when things are normal. Its refered to as feed or breed

Front 73

The autonomic ganglion is located

Back 73

next to or in the effector

Front 74

the post ganglionic fiber is

Back 74

short thin unmylenated and also releases ACH. Its the terminal ganglion. little axon branching
effecs are not wide spread

Front 75

parasympathetic seffects are

Back 75

opposite of sympathetic

Front 76

The type of NT release is used to

Back 76

classify autonomic fibers

Front 77

skin produces

Back 77

vitamin D

Front 78

lungs produce

Back 78

angiotensin II

Front 79

heart produces

Back 79

atrial natrieuretic peptide

Front 80

liver and kidneys produce

Back 80

erythropoietin
leukopoietin
thrombopoietin

Front 81

testes produce

Back 81

testosterone, inhibin

Front 82

ovaries produce

Back 82

estrogetn
progestrone
relaxin
inhibin

Front 83

stomach produces

Back 83

gastrin

Front 84

small intestine produces

Back 84

cholecystokinin (cck)
gastric inhibitory peptide

Front 85

vitamin D

Back 85

bone growth development and repair

Front 86

angiotensisn II

Back 86

raises blood pressure by affecting the kidney

Front 87

atrial natrieuretic peptide ANP

Back 87

affects filtration rate int he kidney and raises bp

Front 88

erythropoietin

Back 88

makes read blood cells

Front 89

leukopoietin

Back 89

makes white blood cells

Front 90

thrombopoietin

Back 90

makes platlets

Front 91

testoterone

Back 91

makes sperm and produces masculine sex charactersitics

Front 92

inhibin

Back 92

stops secretion of FSH

Front 93

estrogen and progesterone

Back 93

maintain menstrual cycle maintain pregnancy and produce 2ndary sex characteristics of a female

Front 94

relaxin

Back 94

makes symphasis pubis more flexible during deliver and dilates cervix

Front 95

gastrin

Back 95

causes stomach emptying

Front 96

CCK cholecystokinin

Back 96

causes the release of bile and pancreatic juice

Front 97

gastric inhibitory peptide

Back 97

slows down stomach emptying