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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What lipoprotein is unique to chylomicrons?
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Apo B-48
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What must be added to "nascent" chylomicrons before they reach functional maturity?
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Plasma modification of chylomicrons by addition of Apo-E (seen by liver) and Apo C-II (activates LPL). The new lipoproteins are supplied by circulating HDL.
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How are chylomicron remnants processed?
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After chylomicron remnants return apo C proteins to HDL, the liver recognizes their Apo E surface marker and takes them up.
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Where are VLDL particles made?
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In the liver. They carry TGs made in the liver to the tissues.
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What do VLDLs need to off-load their TGs?
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Apo C-II which, like chylomicrons, they get from circulating HDL
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How are LDL particles formed?
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LDL particles are formed by the removal of TGs from circulating VLDL particles.
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What lipoprotein is specific for HDL?
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Apo A-I/A-II are specific to HDL.
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What is the function of the Apo B-100 surface protein?
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Apo B-100, present on all particles except chylomicrons, is the ligand for the LDL receptor.
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What particle has the most cholesterol?
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HDL
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What particle type carries the greatest total amount of the body's cholesterol?
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LDL
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What's the consequence of an LPL deficiency?
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LPL deficiency -> chylomicron excess/VLD excess -> Increased TGs
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What is mutated in Familial Hypercholesterolemia?
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Mutations in the LDL receptor or mutations in the Apo B-100 molecule are seen in familial hypercholesterolemia.
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What dietary component has the greatest effect on LDLs?
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Dietary saturated fats may reduce LDL receptor activity and may increase LDL production.
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What hormonal axis may be be associated with LDL cholesterol removal?
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Hypothyroidism
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What is the main function of HDL particle?
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Reverse cholesterol transport from the tissues to the liver.
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What two proteins are primarily responsible for cholesterol loading and delivery of HDL particles?
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Lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) and Cholesteryl ester transfer Protein (CETP)
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What serum marker is associated with acute pancreatitis?
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High serum TGs may induce pancreatitis
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Tendon Xanthomas...
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... are pathognomonic of high serum LDL or hypercholesterolemia. Most common on Achilles or carpal tunnel tendons.
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Eruptive Xanthomas...
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... are seen with high TGs. Most common on buttocks and extensor surfaces.
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Palmar or plantar xanthomas...
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... occur with remnant accumulation.
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What are the five conditions found in the Metabolic Syndrome?
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1) Central Obesity
2) Hyperglycemia 3) Hypertension 4) Increased serum LDL 5) Insulin resistant state |
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The most commonly accepted unifying hypothesis for the Metabolic Syndrome is...
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Insulin Resistance
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What changes in serum lipids are seen in the Metabolic Syndrome?
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MS is characterized by high TGs, low HDL. LDL may only be slightly elevated, but there are small LDL particles seen in the blood.
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What are the risk factors for assessing CAD?
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1) Personal hx of CAD
2) Diabetes 3) Smoking 4) HTN 5) Low HDL 6) Family Hx of premature CAD |
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What are healthy person's lipid levels?
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Total Chol < 200
TGs < 150 LDL-C < 130 HDL-C > 40 males, 50 females |
