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67 Cards in this Set
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Parathyroid Gland:
Makes --- hormone Is closely associated with the --- gland (alongside) In the human, actually consists of --- small glands; -- mm total weight ≈ --- Located behind the ---, sometimes embedded in it |
parathyroid;thyroid;four;3x6;0.4 gm ;thyroid gland
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Parathyroid Gland: Located behind the thyroid gland, sometimes embedded in it Embryologically derived from ---, possibly --- Consists of two primary cell types: |
the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches;endoderm and/or neural crest cells
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Parathyroid Gland: Located behind the thyroid gland, sometimes embedded in it Embryologically derived from the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches, possibly endoderm and/or neural crest cells Consists of two primary cell types: --- Adipose cells replace secretory cells to 50% of total during aging process |
Chief cells: Smaller, Make parathyroid hormone
Oxyphils: Larger, May be aging chief cells, function unknown |
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Parathyroid Gland: Located behind the thyroid gland, sometimes embedded in it Embryologically derived from the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches, possibly endoderm and/or neural crest cells Consists of two primary cell types: ---: Smaller, Make parathyroid hormone ---: Larger, May be aging chief cells, function unknown Adipose cells replace secretory cells to 50% of total during--- |
Chief cells;Oxyphils; aging process
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Parathyroid Gland: Located behind the thyroid gland, sometimes embedded in it Embryologically derived from the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches, possibly endoderm and/or neural crest cells Consists of two primary cell types: Chief cells: --- Oxyphils: --- Adipose cells replace secretory cells to -- of total during aging process |
Smaller, Make parathyroid hormone; Larger, May be aging chief cells, function unknown;50%
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Parathyroid Gland: Located behind the thyroid gland, sometimes embedded in it Embryologically derived from the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches, possibly endoderm and/or neural crest cells Consists of two primary cell types: Chief cells: Smaller, Make parathyroid hormone Oxyphils: Larger, May be aging chief cells, function unknown --- replace secretory cells to 50% of total during aging process |
Adipose cells
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Parathyroid Gland: Located behind the thyroid gland, sometimes embedded in it Embryologically derived from the 3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouches, possibly endoderm and/or neural crest cells Consists of two primary cell types: Chief cells: Smaller, Make parathyroid hormone Oxyphils: Larger, May be aging chief cells, function unknown Adipose cells replace --- to 50% of total during aging process |
secretory cells
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Thyroid Gland
Parafollicular cells = "C (clear) cells" make --- Present primarily as small clusters between follicles, may also be part of the--- Embryologically derived from the 4th pharyngeal pouch, either endoderm or neural crest cells In --- are a separate gland, the ultimobranchial gland (derived from the most posterior pharyngeal = branchial pouch) |
Calcitonin; follicular epithelium;non mammalian vertebrates
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Thyroid Gland
--- = "C (clear) cells" make Calcitonin Present primarily as ---, may also be part of the follicular epithelium Embryologically derived from ---, either --- In non mammalian vertebrates are a separate gland, the ultimobranchial gland (derived from the most posterior pharyngeal = branchial pouch) |
Parafollicular cells;small clusters between follicles;the 4th pharyngeal pouch;endoderm or neural crest cells;
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Thyroid Gland
Parafollicular cells = "C (clear) cells" make Calcitonin Present primarily as small clusters between follicles, may also be part of the follicular epithelium Embryologically derived from the 4th pharyngeal pouch, either endoderm or neural crest cells In non mammalian vertebrates are a separate gland, the --- (derived from --- |
ultimobranchial gland;the most posterior pharyngeal = branchial pouch)
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Epidermal cells of the skin, cells of the liver and kidney: Function in the synthesis of --- |
the active form of vitamin D3, (OH)2-D3
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 ---: Function in the synthesis of the active form of vitamin D3, (OH)2-D3 |
Epidermal cells of the skin, cells of the liver and kidney
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Is an-- aa polypeptide, MW ~ --- Calcitonin (CT) Is a -- aa polypeptide, MW ~ --- |
84;9600;32;3000
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Is an 84 aa polypeptide, MW ~ 9600 Calcitonin (CT) Is a 32 aa polypeptide, MW ~ 3000 May also be synthesized outside of the ---, --- |
thyroid ;1α, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol [(OH)2-D3]
= Double hydroxy derivative of vitamin D3 |
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Is an 84 aa ---, MW ~ 9600 Calcitonin (CT) Is a 32 aa ---, MW ~ 3000 |
polypeptide
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Synthesis--- Derived from cholesterol Cholesterol is a multi-ring structure Vitamin D3 is synthesized from cholesterol in the ---: 1 ring is opened Isomerization: Photo-, then Thermal Liver adds 1 hydroxyl Kidney adds another |
1α, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol;skin
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Synthesis 1α, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Derived from --- Cholesterol is a --- structure ---is synthesized from cholesterol in the skin: 1 ring is opened Isomerization: Photo-, then Thermal Liver adds 1 hydroxyl Kidney adds another |
cholesterol ;multi-ring; Vitamin D3
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Synthesis 1α, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Derived from cholesterol Cholesterol is a multi-ring structure Vitamin D3 is synthesized from cholesterol in the skin: ---- |
1 ring is opened
Isomerization: Photo-, then Thermal Liver adds 1 hydroxyl Kidney adds another |
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Hormone transport: Binding protein exists for Vitamin D3 Enables --- Transport to --- |
entry into circulation;liver
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Hormone transport: --- exists for Vitamin -- Enables entry into circulation Transport to liver |
Binding protein;D3
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Hormone function Primary: These hormones regulate the --- in the blood, and therefore throughout the body Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and (OH)2-D3 Parathyroid hormone increases -- 1 α, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol increases --- Calcitonin lowers --- |
level of Ca++blood calcium;blood calcium;blood calcium
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Hormone function Primary: These hormones regulate the level of Ca++ in the --, and therefore -- Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and (OH)2-D3 --- increases blood calcium ---increases blood calcium ---lowers blood calcium (Blood calcium: --% is bound to albumin,--%is diffusible) |
blood;throughout the body;Parathyroid hormone;1 α, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol ;Calcitonin ;46%; 54%
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Hormone function Primary: These hormones regulate the level of Ca++ in the blood, and therefore throughout the body Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and (OH)2-D3 Parathyroid hormone increases blood calcium 1 α, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol increases blood calcium Calcitonin lowers blood calcium (Blood calcium: 46% is bound to ---, 54% is ---) |
albumin;diffusible
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Hormone site of action Bone, intestine, and kidneys Bone: affect --- Intestine and kidneys: affect --- |
the balance between resorption and deposition;the uptake of calcium and phosphate
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Hormone site of action --: affect the balance between resorption and deposition ---: affect the uptake of calcium and phosphate |
Bone;Intestine and kidneys
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Calcium sources: |
Diet; absorbed in gastrointestinal tract, both passive and active uptake
Bone: a Reservoir |
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Bone
Bone Cells; Three Types: |
Osteoblasts Form Bone
Osteocytes The Principal Cell In Formed Bone Osteoclasts Resorb Bone |
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Bones of skeleton are in a continuous state --- Low levels of Ca++ are maintained at --, not in the form of calcium phosphate crystals 1-2 million microscopic sites of --- per adult skeleton |
of flux; continuous remodeling;the bone surface;resorption and deposition
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Bones of --- are in a continuous state of flux; continuous remodeling Low levels of Ca++ are maintained at the bone surface, not in the form of --- 1-2 million microscopic sites of resorption and deposition per --- |
skeleton;calcium phosphate crystals;adult skeleton
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Bones of skeleton are in a continuous state of flux; continuous remodeling --- are maintained at the bone surface, not in the form of calcium phosphate crystals --- microscopic sites of resorption and deposition per adult skeleton |
Low levels of Ca++;1-2 million
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Calcium is required in the diet is absorbed in --- not all gets absorbed The ---can reabsorb 98-99% of Ca++ from the --- what does not get reabsorbed must be made up for in --- |
the gut;kidney ;nephron filtrate;the diet
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Calcium is required in the diet is absorbed in the gut not all gets absorbed The kidney can reabsorb --- of Ca++ from the nephron filtrate what does not get reabsorbed must be made up for in the diet |
98-99%
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Parathyroid hormone, Function: Increases blood --- Inhibits --- Stimulates --- Increases --- by the kidney Decreases --- by the kidney This affects ---formation: |
calcium;bone formation (osteoblast function);bone resorption (osteoclast function);resorption of Calcium;resorption of phosphate;Calcium phosphate
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Parathyroid hormone, Function: --- blood calcium --- bone formation (osteoblast function) ---bone resorption (osteoclast function) --- resorption of Calcium by the --- --- resorption of phosphate by the --- |
Increases;Inhibits;Stimulates ;Increases;kidney;Decreases;kidney
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Parathyroid hormone, Function: Increases blood calcium Inhibits bone formation (osteoblast function) Stimulates bone resorption (osteoclast function) Increases resorption of Calcium by the kidney Decreases resorption of phosphate by the kidney This affects Calcium phosphate formation: Phosphate is required for the---; less ---, more ---in solution Stimulates the kidney to make---; indirectly affecting--- |
precipitation;phosphate;calcium ; 1α, 25- Dihydroxycholecalciferol; absorption by the intestine
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 1α, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, Function: |
Increases blood calcium
Stimulates the uptake of calcium and phosphate by the gut and kidney Mechanism of action is that of steroid hormones: Increases transcription Increases levels of proteins involved in calcium binding and uptake Increases numbers of osteoclasts by promoting differentiation of macrophage stem cells |
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 1α, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, Function: Increases --- Stimulates the uptake of --- by the gut and kidney Mechanism of action is that of --hormones |
blood calcium;calcium and phosphate;steroid
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 1α, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, Function: Increases blood calcium Stimulates the uptake of calcium and phosphate by --- Mechanism of action is that of steroid hormones: Increases --- Increases levels of -- Increases numbers of ---by promoting --- |
the gut and kidney ;transcription;proteins involved in calcium binding and uptake ;osteoclasts ;differentiation of macrophage stem cells
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Calcitonin, Function: Decreases --- Decreases ---secretion Decreases --- |
blood calcium ;Parathyroid hormone ;bone resorption (inhibits osteoclast function);
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Calcitonin, Function: --- blood calcium --- Parathyroid hormone secretion ---- bone resorption (inhibits osteoclast function) |
Decreases;Decreases;Decreases
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Calcitonin, Function: Decreases blood calcium Decreases Parathyroid hormone secretion Decreases bone resorption (inhibits osteoclast function) Osteoclasts have receptors for --- --- inhibits osteoclast function by raising the pH around the cell; less acidity reduces bone resorption |
calcitonin;calcitonin
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 1α, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol, Function: --- blood calcium --- the uptake of calcium and phosphate by the gut and kidney Mechanism of action is that of steroid hormones: --- transcription --- levels of proteins involved in calcium binding and uptake ---numbers of osteoclasts by promoting differentiation of macrophage stem cells |
Increases;Stimulates;Increases;Increases ;Increases
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Calcitonin, Function: Decreases blood calcium Decreases Parathyroid hormone secretion Decreases bone resorption (inhibits osteoclast function) --- have receptors for calcitonin Calcitonin inhibits --- function by raising the pH around the cell; less acidity reduces bone resorption |
Osteoclasts;osteoclast
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Calcitonin, Function: Decreases blood calcium Decreases Parathyroid hormone secretion Decreases bone resorption (inhibits osteoclast function) Osteoclasts have receptors for calcitonin Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast function by --- |
raising the pH around the cell
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Calcitonin, Function: Decreases blood calcium Decreases Parathyroid hormone secretion Decreases bone resorption (inhibits osteoclast function) Osteoclasts have receptors for calcitonin Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast function by raising the pH around the cell; less acidity --- |
reduces bone resorption
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Calcitonin, Function: Decreases resorption of --- from the filtrate of --- |
calcium and phosphate;the kidney
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Calcitonin, Function: Decreases resorption of calcium and phosphate from the filtrate of the kidney Has --- term effects on blood calcium; may only function when the body has a specific calcium challenge such as: Large intake of food Period of rapid skeletal growth Pregnancy Lactation ---term elevated levels of calcitonin do not have significant effects |
short;Long
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Calcitonin, Function: Decreases resorption of calcium and phosphate from the filtrate of the kidney Has only short term effects on blood calcium; may only function when the body has a specific calcium challenge such as: ---- Long term elevated levels of calcitonin --- |
Large intake of food
Period of rapid skeletal growth Pregnancy Lactation ;do not have significant effects |
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Calcitonin, Function: Decreases resorption of calcium and phosphate from the filtrate of the kidney Has only short term effects on---; may only function when the body has---such as: Large intake of food Period of rapid skeletal growth Pregnancy Lactation Long term elevated levels of calcitonin do not have significant effects |
blood calcium; a specific calcium challenge
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Both Parathyroid hormone and Calcitonin act via --- Both receptors are --- |
an adenylate cyclase, cAMP second messenger mechanism ;seven-spanning G-protein coupled receptors
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Both --- act via an adenylate cyclase, cAMP second messenger mechanism Both receptors are seven-spanning G-protein coupled receptors |
Parathyroid hormone and Calcitonin
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Regulation: These hormones are controlled by---: |
changes in Ca++
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Regulation: These hormones are controlled by changes in Ca++: Serum Ca++ ↑ → Parathyroid hormone -- Serum Ca++ ↑ → Calcitonin -- Parathyroid hormone ↑ → (OH)2-Vit D3 -- |
↓;↑;↑
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Regulation: These hormones are controlled by changes in Ca++: Serum Ca++ --→ Parathyroid hormone ↓ Serum Ca++ --→ Calcitonin ↑ Parathyroid hormone --→ (OH)2-Vit D3 ↑ |
↑;↑;↑
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 The secretion of Parathyroid hormone is triggered directly by ---; i.e. --- acts directly on the Parathyroid gland Cells of the parathyroid express -- receptors that become activated by the binding of --- |
Ca++;Ca++;Ca++;Ca++
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 The secretion of -- is triggered directly by Ca++; i.e. Ca++ acts directly on the Parathyroid gland Cells of the parathyroid express ---that become activated by the binding of Ca++ |
Parathyroid hormone;Ca++ receptors
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 The secretion of Parathyroid hormone is triggered directly by Ca++; i.e. Ca++ acts directly on the --- --- express Ca++ receptors that become activated by the binding of Ca++ |
Parathyroid gland ;Cells of the parathyroid
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Disease: Hypoparathyroidism, "Low" Parathyroid hormone is necessary for life, low Ca++ levels → serious muscle problems: -- Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and (OH)2-D3 Hyperparathyroidism Usually due to benign adenoma of the parathyroid gland --- |
tetanus
convulsions numbness (The heart is a muscle);Bone demineralization Kidney stone formation Weakness Anorexia Depression |
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Disease: ---, "Low" Parathyroid hormone is necessary for life, low Ca++ levels → serious muscle problems: tetanus convulsions numbness (The heart is a muscle) Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and (OH)2-D3 --- Usually due to benign adenoma of the parathyroid gland Bone demineralization Kidney stone formation Weakness Anorexia Depression |
Hypoparathyroidism;Hyperparathyroidism
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Disease: Hypoparathyroidism, "Low" Parathyroid hormone is necessary for life, low Ca++ levels → --- (The heart is a muscle) Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and (OH)2-D3 Hyperparathyroidism Usually due to --- Bone demineralization Kidney stone formation Weakness Anorexia Depression |
serious muscle problems:
tetanus convulsions numbness ;benign adenoma of the parathyroid gland |
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Osteomalacia --- Rickets --- |
Softening and bending of the bones;Failure of normal mineralization of bone
Various causes including Vit D deficiency |
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 --- Softening and bending of the bones --- Failure of normal mineralization of bone Various causes including Vit D deficiency |
Osteomalacia;Rickets
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 Paget's Disease ---- |
Excess numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts
Leads to excessive remodeling of bone causing areas of where the bone is fragile |
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Parathyroid Hormone, Calcitonin, and
(OH)2-D3 --- Excess numbers of osteoclasts and osteoblasts Leads to excessive remodeling of bone causing areas of where the bone is fragile |
Paget's Disease
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BONIVA®
(ibandronate sodium) CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Mechanism of Action The action of ibandronate on bone tissue is based on its affinity for ---, which is part of the mineral matrix of bone. Ibandronate inhibits --- and reduces ---. In postmenopausal women, it reduces ---, leading to, on average, a net -- in bone mass. |
hydroxyapatite;osteoclast activity;bone resorption and turnover;the elevated rate of bone turnover;gain
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BONIVA®
(---) CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY |
ibandronate sodium
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ibandronate sodium
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BONIVA®
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