Endo 2C

Front 1

Pars Intermedia
Not well developed in most species
Well developed in species with a---
Absent in some mammals such as ---
Essentially absent in Adult Humans
In Humans it is well developed before birth may participate in --- - this input may come from ---
Birds do not have a Pars Intermedia but may have ---
- There are variations in between depending upon the species

Back 1

high MSH activity;Whales and Dolphins;signaling the onset of labor;the child itself;MSH producing cells

Front 2

---
Not well developed in most species
Well developed in species with a high MSH activity
Absent in some mammals such as Whales and Dolphins
Essentially absent in Adult Humans

Back 2

Pars Intermedia

Front 3

Pars Intermedia
Not well developed in most species
Well developed in species with a high MSH activity
Absent in some --- such as Whales and Dolphins
Essentially -- in Adult Humans

Back 3

mammals;absent

Front 4

Pars Intermedia
Not well developed in most species
Well developed in species with a high MSH activity
Absent in some mammals such as Whales and Dolphins
Essentially absent in Adult Humans
In Humans it is well developed --- may participate in signaling the onset of labor - this input may come from the child itself
--- do not have a Pars Intermedia but may have MSH producing cells
- There are variations in between depending upon ---

Back 4

before birth;Birds;the species

Front 5

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Melanotropins: 5 Hormones

Back 5

α-MSH = Melanophore (-cyte) Stimulating Hormone
β-MSH
gamma-MSH
ACTH = Adrenocorticotropic Hormone = Corticotropin
β -LPH = β -Lipotropic Hormone = β -Lipotropin

Front 6

α-MSH =

Back 6

Melanophore (-cyte) Stimulating Hormone

Front 7

ACTH =

Back 7

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone = Corticotropin

Front 8

β -LPH =

Back 8

β -Lipotropic Hormone = β -Lipotropin

Front 9

Melanophore (-cyte) Stimulating Hormone

Back 9

α-MSH =

Front 10

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone = Corticotropin

Back 10

ACTH =

Front 11

β -Lipotropic Hormone = β -Lipotropin

Back 11

β -LPH =

Front 12

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Melanotropins: 5 Hormones
All contain an -- sequence

Back 12

MSH

Front 13

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Melanotropins: 5 Hormones
All contain an MSH sequence
Are all derived from a large precursor =

Back 13

Proopiomelanocortin (POMC)

Front 14

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Melanophore / cyte stimulating hormone =

Back 14

MSH = Melanotropin = Intermedin

Front 15

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Melanophore / cyte stimulating hormone = MSH = Melanotropin = Intermedin
alpha = -- aa
beta = -- aa Their sequences are similar
gamma = -- aa

Back 15

13;18;12

Front 16

MSH is found in --- and in---

Back 16

Pars Intermedia; Arcuate Nucleus of Hypothalamus

Front 17

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Other Melanotropins:

Corticotropin (ACTH); 39 aa, MW 4,500
-Lipotropin (LTH); 91 aa, MW 11,200
Promotes breakdown of fat

Back 17

Corticotropin (ACTH); 39 aa, MW 4,500
-Lipotropin (LTH); 91 aa, MW 11,200
Promotes breakdown of fat

Front 18

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Other Melanotropins:

Corticotropin (ACTH); 39 aa, MW 4,500
-Lipotropin (LTH); 91 aa, MW 11,200
Promotes ---

Back 18

breakdown of fat

Front 19

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Hormones also derived from ---but not --- are opiates:

Back 19

Proopiomelanocortin ;melanotropins

Front 20

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Hormones also derived from Proopiomelanocortin but not melanotropins are ---

Back 20

opiates

Front 21

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Hormones also derived from Proopiomelanocortin but not melanotropins are opiates:
-Endorphin; 31 aa, MW 4,000
---
----
These are natural analgesics; there are 20+ opioid peptides
An additional peptide is CLIP (Corticotropin Like Peptide)
CLIP may simply be a cleavage product; no clear function demonstrated for it
Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Proopiomelanocortin MW = 28,500

Back 21

Met-Enkephalin (Methionine-Enkephalin); 5aa
Leucine-Enkephalin = Leu @ 5 Position = C Terminus

Front 22

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Hormones also derived from Proopiomelanocortin but not melanotropins are opiates:
-Endorphin; 31 aa, MW 4,000
Met-Enkephalin (Methionine-Enkephalin); 5aa
Leucine-Enkephalin = Leu @ 5 Position = C Terminus
These are natural analgesics; there are -- opioid peptides
An additional peptide is CLIP (Corticotropin Like Peptide)
CLIP may simply be ---
Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Proopiomelanocortin MW = 28,500

Back 22

20+;a cleavage product; no clear function demonstrated for it

Front 23

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
Hormones also derived from Proopiomelanocortin but not melanotropins are opiates:
-Endorphin; 31 aa, MW 4,000
Met-Enkephalin (Methionine-Enkephalin); 5aa
Leucine-Enkephalin = Leu @ 5 Position = C Terminus
These are natural analgesics; there are 20+ opioid peptides
An additional peptide is ---
--- may simply be a cleavage product; no clear function demonstrated for it
Pars Intermedia, Hormones
--- MW = 28,500

Back 23

CLIP (Corticotropin Like Peptide) ;CLIP;Proopiomelanocortin

Front 24

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
-Lipotropin is a Precursor for:

Back 24

-MSH
-Endorphin
Met-Enkephalin

Front 25

Pars Intermedia, Hormones
---- is a Precursor for:
-MSH
-Endorphin
Met-Enkephalin

Back 25

Lipotropin

Front 26

Melanophore Stimulating Hormone:

Back 26

Acts on Melanophore cells containing melanin Pigment In Amphibians, Reptiles, Fish

Front 27

Acts on Melanophore cells containing melanin Pigment In Amphibians, Reptiles, Fish

Back 27

Melanophore Stimulating Hormone:

Front 28

Pars Intermedia
The skin of amphibians, reptiles, fish has other cells which contain pigment other than melanin
These are:

Back 28

Iridophores - Blue / Yellow
Xanthophores - Orange
Erythrophores - Red

Front 29

Pars Intermedia
The skin of amphibians, reptiles, fish has other cells which contain pigment other than melanin
These are:
Iridophores - ---
Xanthophores ----
Erythrophores - ---

Back 29

Blue / Yellow; Orange ;Red

Front 30

Pars Intermedia
The skin of amphibians, reptiles, fish has other cells which contain pigment other than melanin
These are:
--- - Blue / Yellow
--- - Orange
--- - Red

Back 30

Iridophores;Xanthophores;Erythrophores

Front 31

Pars Intermedia
The skin of amphibians, reptiles, fish has other cells which contain pigment other than ---
These are:
Iridophores - Blue / Yellow
Xanthophores - Orange
Erythrophores - Red

Back 31

melanin

Front 32

Pars Intermedia
Melanophores:
have ---
contain melanin in granules = ---
Some species, i.e. Poikilotherms (cold blooded), are able to rapidly redistribute these melanin granules (Amphibians, Reptiles, Fish)
The time frame is within 5 minutes
The granules are either compacted or dispersed within the cell
When compacted, the skin color is from other components such as blood supply or other pigment containing cells

Back 32

processes, i.e. extensions;melanosomes

Front 33

Pars Intermedia
Melanophores:
have processes, i.e. extensions
contain melanin in granules = melanosomes
Some species, i.e. ---, are able to rapidly redistribute these melanin granules (Amphibians, Reptiles, Fish)
The time frame is within ---
The granules are either --- or ---
When---, the skin color is from other components such as blood supply or other pigment containing cells

Back 33

Poikilotherms (cold blooded);5 minutes;compacted;dispersed within the cell; compacted

Front 34

Pars Intermedia
Melanophores:
have processes, i.e. extensions
contain melanin in --- = melanosomes
Some species, i.e. Poikilotherms (cold blooded), are able to rapidly redistribute these ---
The time frame is within 5 minutes
The --- are either compacted or dispersed within the cell
When compacted, the skin color is from other components such as blood supply or other pigment containing cells

Back 34

granules;melanin granules (Amphibians, Reptiles, Fish;granules

Front 35

Pars Intermedia
Melanophores:
have processes, i.e. extensions
contain --- in granules = melanosomes
Some species, i.e. Poikilotherms (cold blooded), are able to rapidly redistribute these melanin granules (Amphibians, Reptiles, Fish)
The time frame is within 5 minutes
The granules are either compacted or dispersed within the cell
When compacted, the skin color ---

Back 35

melanin;is from other components such as blood supply or other pigment containing cells

Front 36

Pars Intermedia
---
contain purine based pigments
E.g. guanine
Organized in stacks of crystalline reflecting platelets

Back 36

Iridophores

Front 37

Pars Intermedia
Iridophores

Back 37

contain purine based pigments
E.g. guanine
Organized in stacks of crystalline reflecting platelets

Front 38

Pars Intermedia
Iridophores
contain --- pigments
E.g. guanine
Organized in ---

Back 38

purine based;stacks of crystalline reflecting platelets

Front 39

Pars Intermedia
Iridophores
contain purine based ---
E.g. guanine
Organized in stacks of crystalline reflecting ---

Back 39

pigments; platelets

Front 40

Pars Intermedia
Xanthophores and erythrophores
pigments in --- granules
similar in origin to melanosomes
Two groups compounds:
Orange-colored; lipid soluble --
Yellow-colored; aqueous soluble ---

Back 40

pterinosome;Carotenoids;Pteridines

Front 41

Pars Intermedia
----
pigments in pterinosome granules
similar in origin to melanosomes
Two groups compounds:
Orange-colored; lipid soluble Carotenoids
Yellow-colored; aqueous soluble Pteridines

Back 41

Xanthophores and erythrophores

Front 42

Pars Intermedia
Xanthophores and erythrophores
pigments in pterinosome granules
similar in origin to ---
Two groups compounds:
Orange-colored;---
Yellow-colored; ----

Back 42

melanosomes; lipid soluble Carotenoids;aqueous soluble Pteridines

Front 43

Pars Intermedia
Xanthophores and erythrophores
pigments in pterinosome granules
similar in origin to melanosomes
Two groups compounds:
---; lipid soluble Carotenoids
---; aqueous soluble Pteridines

Back 43

Orange-colored;Yellow-colored

Front 44

Pars Intermedia
Xanthophores and erythrophores
pigments in pterinosome granules
similar in origin to melanosomes
Two groups compounds:
Orange-colored; lipid soluble Carotenoids
Yellow-colored; aqueous soluble Pteridines
Pars Intermedia
These cells can be organized together with melanophores into a---

Back 44

Dermal Chromatophore Unit:

Front 45

Pars Intermedia
The --- has a basket like structure, and surrounds these other cell types

Back 45

melanophore

Front 46

Pars Intermedia
The melanophore has a ---structure, and surrounds these other cell types

Back 46

basket like

Front 47

Pars Intermedia
The melanophore has a basket like structure, and --- these other cell types

Back 47

surrounds

Front 48

The melanin becomes the predominant pigment when----
Other pigments predominate when the melanosomes are compacted

Back 48

the melanosomes are spread out

Front 49

The melanin becomes the predominant pigment when the melanosomes are ---
Other pigments predominate when the melanosomes are ---

Back 49

spread out;compacted

Front 50

--- becomes the predominant pigment when the melanosomes are spread out
--- predominate when the melanosomes are compacted

Back 50

The melanin;Other pigments

Front 51

The melanin becomes the predominant pigment when the --- are spread out
Other pigments predominate when the ---- are compacted

Back 51

melanosomes

Front 52

The cytoskeleton: microtubules and actin are important in the movement of ---

Back 52

granules

Front 53

The cytoskeleton: --- are important in the movement of granules

Back 53

microtubules and actin

Front 54

Pars Intermedia
In mammals, the pigment is made in ---;

Back 54

melanocytes

Front 55

Pars Intermedia
In mammals, the pigment is made in melanocytes;
Melanocytes are:
in the ---
derived from ---
have --- processes through which ---
are responsible for melanin production that gives pigmentation to hair (& Feathers)

Back 55

epidermis;neural crest cells;dendritic like;melanin is transferred to the surrounding epidermal cells

Front 56

Pars Intermedia
In mammals, the pigment is made in melanocytes;
Melanocytes are:
in the epidermis
derived from neural crest cells
have dendritic like processes through which melanin is transferred to the surrounding epidermal cells
are responsible for --- production that gives pigmentation to---

Back 56

melanin; hair (& Feathers)

Front 57

in the epidermis
derived from neural crest cells
have dendritic like processes through which melanin is transferred to the surrounding epidermal cells
are responsible for melanin production that gives pigmentation to hair (& Feathers)

Back 57

Melanocytes

Front 58

Pars Intermedia
Melanosomes are transferred to other cells from the dendritic processes of melanocytes in an injection process
=

Back 58

cytocrine melanin

Front 59

Pars Intermedia
Melanosomes are transferred to other cells from the dendritic processes of melanocytes in an

Back 59

injection process
= cytocrine melanin

Front 60

cytocrine melanin

Back 60

Pars Intermedia
Melanosomes are transferred to other cells from the dendritic processes of melanocytes in an injection process
=

Front 61

Pars Intermedia
Melanosomes are transferred to other cells from the dendritic processes of melanocytes in an injection process
= cytocrine melanin

Surrounding epidermal cells (keratinocytes) pick up these melanosomes.
In mammalian skin with hair, melanocytes are localized to--- & are responsible for ---

Back 61

hair follicles;melanin production that gives pigmentation to hair (& Feathers)

Front 62

Pars Intermedia
Melanosomes are transferred to other cells from the dendritic processes of melanocytes in an injection process
= cytocrine melanin

---- pick up these melanosomes.
In ----, melanocytes are localized to hair follicles & are responsible for melanin production that gives pigmentation to hair (& Feathers)

Back 62

Surrounding epidermal cells (keratinocytes);mammalian skin with hair

Front 63

Pars Intermedia
Two terms referring to color change in the skin are:

Back 63

1. Physiological  Redistribution of existing pigment
2. Morphological  Additional synthesis
The increased pigment due to tanning is morphological color change

Front 64

Pars Intermedia
Two terms referring to color change in the skin are:
1. Physiological  ---
2. Morphological  ---

Back 64

Redistribution of existing pigment;Additional synthesis
The increased pigment due to tanning is morphological color change

Front 65

Pars Intermedia
Two terms referring to color change in the skin are:
1. --- Redistribution of existing pigment
2. ---- Additional synthesis
The increased pigment due to tanning is morphological color change

Back 65

Physiological ;Morphological

Front 66

Pars Intermedia
Physiological color change:
There is a possible role for differential light stimulation:

Back 66

Light from an overhead source vs. Light reflected from the substratum (Albedo = reflected light)

Front 67

Pars Intermedia
Physiological color change:
There is a possible role for differential light stimulation: Light from an overhead source vs. Light reflected from the substratum (Albedo = reflected light)
Differential stimulation e.g. ----

Back 67

animal on black background causes release of MSH and animal turns dark color

Front 68

Pars Intermedia
Physiological color change:
There is a possible role for differential light stimulation: Light from an overhead source vs. Light reflected from the substratum (Albedo = reflected light)
Differential stimulation e.g. animal on black background causes release of MSH and animal turns dark color

Pars Intermedia
Animals become light on white background due to ---

Back 68

inhibition of MSH release

Front 69

Pars Intermedia
Physiological color change:
There is a possible role for differential light stimulation: Light from an overhead source vs. Light reflected from the substratum (Albedo = reflected light)








Differential stimulation e.g. animal on black background causes release of MSH and animal turns dark color

Pars Intermedia
Animals become light on white background due to inhibition of MSH release
Iridophores, Physiological Color Change
Pars Intermedia
Adult humans appear not to have any---

However, adult human melanocytes have an --- and do respond to---

Back 69

circulating MSH;MSH receptor; injected MSH by synthesizing additional Melanin

Front 70

The ---is probably the best characterized neuropeptide network of the skin.

Back 70

melanocortin (MC) system

Front 71

The melanocortin (MC) system is probably the best characterized---

Back 71

neuropeptide network of the skin.

Front 72

The melanocortin (MC) system is probably the best characterized neuropeptide network of the skin.
Most --- express MC receptors (MC-Rs) and synthesize MCs, such as ---

Back 72

cutaneous cell types;alpha-MSH

Front 73

The melanocortin (MC) system is probably the best characterized neuropeptide network of the skin.
Most cutaneous cell types express ---and synthesize ---, such as alpha-MSH

Back 73

MC receptors (MC-Rs) ;MCs

Front 74

Pituitary, Anterior Lobe, MSH Production, Skin
--- acts in autocrine and paracrine fashion in human skin

Back 74

alpha-MSH

Front 75

Pituitary, Anterior Lobe, MSH Production, Skin
alpha-MSH acts in ---fashion in human skin

Back 75

autocrine and paracrine

Front 76

Pituitary, Anterior Lobe, MSH Production, Skin
alpha-MSH acts in autocrine and paracrine fashion in ---

Back 76

human skin

Front 77

Pituitary, Anterior Lobe, MSH Production, Skin
Activation of adenylate cyclase by MCs occurs at ---doses of the ligand
Effects are induced in some cell types at --- concentrations

Back 77

10(-6)-10(-9) M ;subnanomolar

Front 78

Pituitary, Anterior Lobe, MSH Production, Skin
Activation of --- by MCs occurs at 10(-6)-10(-9) M doses of the ligand
Effects are induced in some cell types at subnanomolar concentrations

Back 78

adenylate cyclase

Front 79

Pituitary, Anterior Lobe, MSH Production, Skin
Activation of adenylate cyclase by --- occurs at 10(-6)-10(-9) M doses of ---
Effects are induced in some cell types at subnanomolar concentrations

Back 79

MCs;the ligand

Front 80

Pituitary, Anterior Lobe, MSH Production, Skin
In addition to the pigmentary action of MCs on epidermal melanocytes, the hair follicle is a ---and --- for MCs
MCs regulate lipogenesis in ---
In adipocytes, lipid metabolism is modulated by ----, a natural MC Receptor antagonist.

Back 80

source ;target;sebocytes;agouti signalling protein,

Front 81

Pituitary, Anterior Lobe, MSH Production, Skin
In addition to the pigmentary action of MCs on epidermal melanocytes, the ---is a source and target for MCs
MCs regulate lipogenesis in sebocytes
In adipocytes,---- is modulated by agouti signalling protein, a natural MC Receptor antagonist.

Back 81

hair follicle ; lipid metabolism

Front 82

Pituitary, Anterior Lobe, MSH Production, Skin
In addition to the pigmentary action of MCs on ---, the hair follicle is a source and target for MCs
MCs regulate lipogenesis in sebocytes
In ---, lipid metabolism is modulated by agouti signalling protein, a natural MC Receptor antagonist.

Back 82

epidermal melanocytes;adipocytes

Front 83

Pituitary, Anterior Lobe, MSH Production, Skin
In addition to the pigmentary action of MCs on epidermal melanocytes, the hair follicle is a source and target for MCs
MCs regulate lipogenesis in sebocytes
In adipocytes, lipid metabolism is modulated by agouti signalling protein, a----

Back 83

natural MC Receptor antagonist.

Front 84

In adipocytes, lipid metabolism is modulated by ---, a natural MC Receptor antagonist.

Back 84

agouti signalling protein

Front 85

MC’s such as --- have anti-inflammatory activity
This includes immunomodulatory effects on several resident skin cells

Back 85

alpha-MSH

Front 86

MC’s such as alpha-MSH have ----activity
This includes immunomodulatory effects on several resident skin cells

Back 86

anti-inflammatory

Front 87

MC’s such as alpha-MSH have anti-inflammatory activity
This includes --- effects on several resident skin cells

Back 87

immunomodulatory

Front 88

MC’s such as alpha-MSH have anti-inflammatory activity
This includes immunomodulatory effects on several ----

Back 88

resident skin cells

Front 89

--- such as alpha-MSH have anti-inflammatory activity
This includes immunomodulatory effects on several resident skin cells

Back 89

MC’s

Front 90

Skin
Skin is composed of two layers:

Back 90

Epidermis + Dermis

Front 91

Is a specialized epithelium derived from the Ectoderm

Back 91

Epidermis

Front 92

Epidermis

Back 92

Is a specialized epithelium derived from the Ectoderm

Front 93

Is a layer of vascularized connective tissue beneath the epidermis derived from mesoderm

Back 93

Dermis

Front 94

Dermis

Back 94

Is a layer of vascularized connective tissue beneath the epidermis derived from mesoderm

Front 95

Skin
Epidermis; Cell types:
The Epidermis is a ---epithelium

Back 95

keratinized, stratified squamous

Front 96

The--- is a keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium

Back 96

Epidermis

Front 97

Skin
Epidermis; Cell types:
The Epidermis is a keratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
The predominant cell is ----

Back 97

an epithelial cell that differentiates to produce keratin

Front 98

Skin
Epidermis; Cell types:
There are additional cell types in the epidermis:
These include ---
are derived from neural crest
synthesize melanin

Back 98

Melanocytes

Front 99

Skin
Epidermis; Cell types:
There are additional cell types in the epidermis:
These include Melanocytes
are derived from---
synthesize ----

Back 99

neural crest;melanin

Front 100

There are additional cell types in the ---:
These include Melanocytes
are derived from neural crest
synthesize melanin

Back 100

epidermis

Front 101

Pars Intermedia
MSH Mechanism of action


MSH receptor uses a ----mechanism of action involving cAMP

Back 101

second messenger

Front 102

Pars Intermedia
MSH Mechanism of action


MSH receptor uses a second messenger mechanism of action involving ---

Back 102

cAMP

Front 103

Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by ---mutations in humans

A --- mutation disrupting a dibasic
prohormone processing site in
--- increases
susceptibility to early-onset obesity through a
novel molecular mechanism 2002 Article Challis et al.
Pituitary, Anterior Lobe, MSH Production, Skin
J Invest Dermatol. 2006 Sep;126(9):1966-75.

Back 103

POMC ;missense;pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

Front 104

Severe --- caused by POMC mutations in humans

A missense mutation disrupting a --- in
pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) increases
susceptibility to --- through a
novel molecular mechanism 2002 Article Challis et al.
Pituitary, Anterior Lobe, MSH Production, Skin
J Invest Dermatol. 2006 Sep;126(9):1966-75.

Back 104

early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation;dibasic
prohormone processing site;early-onset obesity

Front 105

Pineal Gland

General location: ---
Has --- input
Humans: Deep central location, attached to ---

Back 105

center of the head;neural;the roof of the third ventricle

Front 106

Pineal Gland

General location: center of the head
Has neural---
Humans: --- location, attached to the roof of the third ventricle

Back 106

input;Deep central

Front 107

Pineal Gland
Input: (Mammals): Light (dark) input from --- to ---.
Input is integrated there
Travels via the thoracic spinal cord and the Superior Cervical Ganglion (--- nervous system)
Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine which binds to Adrenergic receptors on Pineal cells
Pineal cells respond by altering enzyme levels
This alters levels of synthetic product
There is also some --- neural input

Back 107

retina;suprachiasmatic n;sympathetic;parasympathetic

Front 108

Pineal Gland
Input: (Mammals): --- input from retina to suprachiasmatic n.
Input is integrated there
Travels via the --- and the --- (sympathetic nervous system)
Postganglionic fibers release --- which binds to Adrenergic receptors on Pineal cells
Pineal cells respond by altering enzyme levels
This alters levels of---
There is also some parasympathetic neural input

Back 108

Light (dark);thoracic spinal cord;Superior Cervical Ganglion;norepinephrine; synthetic product

Front 109

Pineal Gland
Input: (Mammals): Light (dark) input from retina to suprachiasmatic n.
Input is integrated there
Travels via the thoracic spinal cord and the Superior Cervical Ganglion (sympathetic nervous system)
--- release norepinephrine which binds to Adrenergic receptors on Pineal cells
Pineal cells respond by---
This alters levels of synthetic product
There is also some parasympathetic neural input

Back 109

Postganglionic fibers; altering enzyme levels

Front 110

Pineal Gland
Input: (---): Light (dark) input from retina to suprachiasmatic n.
Input is integrated there
Travels via the thoracic spinal cord and the Superior Cervical Ganglion (sympathetic nervous system)
Postganglionic fibers release norepinephrine which binds to --- on Pineal cells
Pineal cells respond by altering enzyme levels
This alters levels of synthetic product
There is also some parasympathetic neural input

Back 110

Mammals;Adrenergic receptors

Front 111

Pineal Gland
Some organisms have a "3rd eye"
= --- eye; e.g. some amphibians, reptiles, fish
= Provision for photoreception with input to the ---

Back 111

Parietal (wall);Pineal Gland

Front 112

Pineal Gland
Some organisms have a "---"
= Parietal (wall) eye; e.g. some amphibians, reptiles, fish
= Provision for photoreception with input to the Pineal Gland

Back 112

3rd eye

Front 113

Pineal Gland
Some organisms have a "3rd eye"
= Parietal (wall) eye; e.g. some ---
= Provision for --- with input to the Pineal Gland

Back 113

amphibians, reptiles, fish ;photoreception

Front 114

Pineal Gland
In other species, the pineal gland itself has some --- ability
In the most simple, the pineal has a retina-like structure containing --- cells and ---
In more differentiated vertebrates, such as birds, there is successive folding of the pineal wall, but the histological organization is similar

Back 114

photoreceptor;photoreceptor;secondary neurons

Front 115

Pineal Gland
In other species, the pineal gland itself has some photoreceptor ability
In the most simple, the pineal has a---structure containing photoreceptor cells and secondary neurons
In more differentiated vertebrates, such as ---, there is successive folding of the pineal wall, but the histological organization is similar

Back 115

retina-like ;birds

Front 116

Pineal Gland
In other species, the pineal gland itself has some photoreceptor ability
In the most simple, the pineal has a retina-like structure containing photoreceptor cells and secondary neurons
In more differentiated vertebrates, such as birds, there is ---, but the histological organization is similar

Back 116

successive folding of the pineal wall

Front 117

Pineal Gland
--- is a chicken pineal photoreceptive molecule.
Okano T, Yoshizawa T, Fukada Y.
Nature. 1994. 372: 94-7.

Back 117

Pinopsin

Front 118

Pineal Gland
Pinopsin is ---
Okano T, Yoshizawa T, Fukada Y.
Nature. 1994. 372: 94-7.

Back 118

a chicken pineal photoreceptive molecule.

Front 119

---: a nonvisual opsin expressed in chick pineal.
Max M, McKinnon PJ, Seidenman KJ, Barrett RK, Applebury ML, Takahashi JS, Margolskee RF.
Science. 1995. 267: 1502-6.

Back 119

Pineal opsin

Front 120

Pineal opsin: a --- expressed in ---.
Max M, McKinnon PJ, Seidenman KJ, Barrett RK, Applebury ML, Takahashi JS, Margolskee RF.
Science. 1995. 267: 1502-6.

Back 120

nonvisual opsin;chick pineal

Front 121

Melaton Is made by ---

Back 121

the Pineal Gland

Front 122

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
Melatonin: Is made by the Pineal Gland
Precursor = ---
Rhythmic variations in quantity from rhythmic variations in ---

Back 122

Serotonin;levels of synthetic enzymes

Front 123

Pineal Gland, Melatonin Synthesis
The synthesis of melatonin is controlled by ---, and essentially occurs ---

Back 123

photoperiod;at night, i.e. in the dark

Front 124

Pineal Gland, Melatonin Synthesis
The synthesis of melatonin is controlled by photoperiod, and essentially occurs at night, i.e. in the dark
Photoperiod alters--- levels, --- controls melatonin levels

Back 124

N-Acetyltransferase (NAT);NAT

Front 125

Pineal Gland, Melatonin Synthesis
The synthesis of melatonin is controlled by photoperiod, and essentially occurs at night, i.e. in the dark
Photoperiod alters N-Acetyltransferase (NAT) levels, NAT controls ---

Back 125

melatonin levels

Front 126

Pineal Gland, Melatonin Synthesis

--- → → --- → → ---

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Tryptophan;Serotonin; Melatonin

Front 127

Pineal Gland, Melatonin Targets
Targets of Melatonin are:

Back 127

Melanophores (lower vertebrates)
Hypothalamus
Pituitary - Inhibits MSH release
Retina

Front 128

Pineal Gland, Melatonin Targets
Targets of Melatonin are:
Melanophores (in ---)
Hypothalamus
Pituitary - Inhibits ---
Retina

Back 128

lower vertebrates;MSH release

Front 129

Pineal Gland
-- &---: opposite effects pigmented cells some vertebrates
--- named because it causes skin of some amphibians to become pale

Back 129

MSH; Melatonin;Melatonin

Front 130

Pineal Gland
MSH & Melatonin: opposite effects pigmented cells some vertebrates
Melatonin named because---

Back 130

it causes skin of some amphibians to become pale

Front 131

Many poikilotherms blanch at night:
--- is low at night
--- is high at night

Back 131

MSH;Melatonin

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Many --- blanch at night:
MSH is low at night
Melatonin is high at night

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poikilotherms

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Many poikilotherms blanch at night:
MSH is --- at night
Melatonin is --- at night

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low;high

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Pineal Gland
Serotonin and Melatonin also have opposite effects, but ---only;
Serotonin may be a releasing hormone for ---
Note that increased synthesis of Melatonin reduces ----

Back 134

in vivo ;MSH;the amount of Serotonin

Front 135

Pineal Gland
--- and --- also have opposite effects, but in vivo only;
--- may be a releasing hormone for MSH

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Serotonin;Melatonin;Serotonin

Front 136

Pineal Gland
Serotonin and Melatonin also have --- effects, but in vivo only;
--- may be a releasing hormone for MSH

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opposite;Serotonin

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Pineal Gland
Serotonin and Melatonin also have opposite effects, but in vivo only;
Serotonin may be a releasing hormone for MSH
Note that increased synthesis of --- reduces the amount of ---

Back 137

Melatonin;Serotonin

Front 138

Pineal Gland, Melatonin Targets
--- melatonin receptors identified in mammals
Highest density in:
---
Found in other parts of the --- as well

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Two;suprachiasmatic nucleus, hypothalamus
anterior pituitary (pars tuberalis)
retina ;brain

Front 139

Pineal Gland
The receptors are --- receptors

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G protein coupled cell surface

Front 140

A probable main function of--- is to produce rhythms in other hormones

Back 140

melatonin

Front 141

A probable main function of melatonin is to produce --- in other hormones

Back 141

rhythms

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Pineal Gland, Rhythms
Rhythms:
A primary effect of melatonin is establishing rhythms based on ---

Back 142

photoperiod

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Pineal Gland, Rhythms
Rhythms:
A primary effect of melatonin is establishing rhythms based on photoperiod

1.---
2.---

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1. Seasonal
2. Circadian

Front 144

A primary effect of --- is establishing rhythms based on photoperiod

1. Seasonal
2. Circadian

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melatonin

Front 145

Pineal Gland, Rhythms
Seasonal - Seasonal reproduction is controlled by --
Some species have significant seasonal changes in ---

Back 145

photoperiod ;the structure of some tissues

Front 146

Pineal Gland, Rhythms
Some species have significant seasonal changes in the structure of some tissues
FIND SEASONAL REGROWTH ---
FIND SEASONAL REGROWTH ---

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SONGBIRD CNS;GONADS SEASONAL BREEDERS

Front 147

Pineal Gland, Rhythms
Circadian - (Circa Diem: ---)
For an established Light / Dark cycle:
When lights go out, --- levels increase
If lights stay on late, --- is suppressed until lights go off
If lights go off early, --- does not rise immediately, but waits until the expected time
If lights go on early after a period of darkness, ---is suppressed immediately and photoperiod is reset

Back 147

About a day;NAT;NAT;NAT;NAT

Front 148

Pineal Gland, Rhythms
Circadian - (---: About a day)
For an established Light / Dark cycle:
When lights go out, NAT levels ---
If lights stay on late, NAT is ---
If lights go off early, NAT ---
If lights go on early after a period of darkness, NAT ---

Back 148

Circa Diem;increase ;suppressed until lights go off ;does not rise immediately, but waits until the expected time ;is suppressed immediately and photoperiod is reset

Front 149

Pineal Gland
NAT is also known as---
Gene referred to as---

Back 149

Arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AANAT) ; Aanat, AA-NAT

Front 150

--- is also known as Arylalkylamine-N-acetyltransferase (AANAT)

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NAT

Front 151

In some species, such as birds, melatonin is synthesized in --- and in ---
Synthesis in the --- occurs in photoreceptor cells
--- melatonin appears to function by paracrine mechanism

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the Pineal;the Retina;Retina;Retinal;

Front 152

In some species, such as birds, --- is synthesized in the Pineal and in the Retina
Synthesis in the Retina occurs in photoreceptor cells
Retinal melatonin appears to function by paracrine mechanism

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melatonin

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Pineal Gland
In some species, such as ---, melatonin is synthesized in the Pineal and in the Retina
Synthesis in the Retina occurs in ---
Retinal melatonin appears to function by ----mechanism

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birds;photoreceptor cells;paracrine

Front 154

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
In Mammals, circadian photoreception is concentrated in ---
Non-mammalian vertebrates may use photoreception in ---

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the retina ;the brain, pineal, and retina

Front 155

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
In ---, circadian photoreception is concentrated in the retina
--- may use photoreception in the brain, pineal, and retina

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Mammals;Non-mammalian vertebrates

Front 156

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
In Mammals, --- is concentrated in the retina
Non-mammalian vertebrates may use --- in the brain, pineal, and retina

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circadian photoreception;photoreception

Front 157

Pineal Gland
In some species, such as birds, melatonin is synthesized in the Pineal and in the Retina
Synthesis in the Retina occurs in photoreceptor cells
Retinal melatonin appears to function by paracrine mechanism
Pineal Gland - Melatonin
In Mammals, circadian photoreception is concentrated in the retina
Non-mammalian vertebrates may use photoreception in the brain, pineal, and retina
When an animal has more than one set of photoreceptors functioning in this process, the different sets probably have---

Back 157

different specific roles in the process

Front 158

Pineal Gland
Isolated Pineal Gland or Pineal Gland Cells in culture will maintain --- for several days provided with a light dark (LD) cycle, some will do this in constant (DD) darkness

Back 158

rhythmic synthesis of melatonin

Front 159

Pineal Gland
--- in culture will maintain rhythmic synthesis of melatonin for several days provided with a light dark (LD) cycle, some will do this in constant (DD) darkness

Back 159

Isolated Pineal Gland or Pineal Gland Cells

Front 160

Pineal Gland
Isolated Pineal Gland or Pineal Gland Cells in culture will maintain rhythmic synthesis of melatonin for --provided with ---, some will do this in ---

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several days ;a light dark (LD) cycle;constant (DD) darkness

Front 161

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
Biological clock mechanism in the hypothalamus is in the ---
This is the circadian rhythm oscillator (Biological Clock)
Controls a regulated pattern of activities that affect ---

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suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) ;the entire body

Front 162

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
Biological clock mechanism in the --- is in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
This is the --- (Biological Clock)
Controls --- that affect the entire body

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hypothalamus;circadian rhythm oscillator;a regulated pattern of activities

Front 163

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
With the activation of the retina (and pineal) by light information at first light each day, the clock in the -- activates the body
Performs functions like raising body temperature and releasing stimulating hormones like cortisol

Back 163

SCN;

Front 164

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
With the activation of the retina (and pineal) by light information at first light each day, the clock in the SCN activates ---

Back 164

the body

Front 165

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
With the activation of --- by light information at first light each day, the clock in the SCN activates the body
Performs functions like raising body temperature and releasing stimulating hormones like cortisol

Back 165

the retina (and pineal)

Front 166

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
With the activation of the retina (and pineal) by ---, the clock in the SCN activates the body
Performs functions like raising body temperature and releasing stimulating hormones like cortisol

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light information at first light each day

Front 167

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
With the activation of the retina (and pineal) by light information at first light each day, the clock in the SCN activates the body
Performs functions like --- and ---

Back 167

raising body temperature;releasing stimulating hormones like cortisol

Front 168

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
With the activation of the retina (and pineal) by light information at first light each day, the clock in the SCN activates the body
Performs functions like raising --- and releasing stimulating hormones like --

Back 168

body temperature;cortisol

Front 169

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
---integrates and relays light input
Results in suppression NAT activity, delay of melatonin release (sleep onset) and of other hormones until many hours later when darkness arrives

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SCN

Front 170

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
SCN integrates and relays light input
Results in suppression --- activity, delay of --- release (sleep onset) and of other hormones until many hours later when --- arrives

Back 170

NAT;melatonin;darkness

Front 171

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
SCN integrates and relays ---
Results in suppression NAT activity, delay of melatonin release (sleep onset) and of other hormones until many hours later when darkness arrives

Back 171

light input

Front 172

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
SCN integrates and relays light input
Results in -----

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suppression NAT activity, delay of melatonin release (sleep onset) and of other hormones until many hours later when darkness arrives

Front 173

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
Melatonin is associated with --- and appears to have some moderate affect in inducing ---
Administration in humans especially in high doses results in the induction of reduced motor activity, fatigue, and lower body temperature
Melatonin probably facilitates sleep rather than inducing it

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sleep;sleep

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---is associated with sleep and appears to have some moderate affect in inducing sleep

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Melatonin

Front 175

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
Melatonin is associated with sleep and appears to have some moderate affect in inducing sleep
Administration in humans especially in high doses results in the induction of ---
Melatonin probably --- sleep rather than---

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reduced motor activity, fatigue, and lower body temperature;facilitates; inducing it

Front 176

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
Melatonin is associated with sleep and appears to have some moderate affect in inducing sleep
Administration in humans especially in --- results in the induction of reduced motor activity, fatigue, and lower body temperature
Melatonin probably facilitates sleep rather than inducing it

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high doses

Front 177

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
Healthy young and middle-aged adults usually secrete about--- of melatonin each night
This is at least 80 times less than the dosage in the commonly sold--- tablet or capsule
Taking a typical dose (---) may elevate your blood melatonin levels to--- times normal

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5 to 25 micrograms; 2 milligram (mg);1 to 3 mg; 1 to 20

Front 178

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
--- usually secrete about 5 to 25 micrograms of melatonin each night
This is at least --- times less than the dosage in the commonly sold 2 milligram (mg) tablet or capsule
Taking a typical dose (1 to 3 mg) may elevate your blood melatonin levels to 1 to 20 times normal

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Healthy young and middle-aged adults;80

Front 179

Pineal Gland - Melatonin
Greater amounts of melatonin are secreted during ---, than ---

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childhood;following puberty

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The amount --- tends to decline with age, a possible link with an age-related rise in difficulty sleeping

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of melatonin the body secretes

Front 181

The amount of melatonin the body secretes tends to --- with age, a possible link with an age-related rise---

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decline; in difficulty sleeping