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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine definition
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Internal secretion of biologically active hormone
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Paracrine definition
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Hormones that act locally on cells other than those that produce them - adjacent cells (i.e. angiotensin II in the kidney and sex steroids in the ovary)
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Autocrine definition
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Hormone released and acts on that cell (itself). (i.e. insulin)
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6 Hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary
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Growth Hormone, Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone, Prolactin
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What does ACTH act on?
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Adrenal gland
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What does FSH act on?
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Ovaries, testicles (spermatogenesis)
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What does LH act on?
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Ovulation and testosterone (in men)
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What does Prolactin act on?
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Development of breast and secretion of milk after delivery of baby.
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2 Posterior Pituitary hormones?
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ADH, Oxytocin
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Function of ADH?
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Vasoconstriction
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Function of Oxytocin
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Uterine Contraction
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3 Hormones of Adrenal Gland
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Cortisol, Aldosterone, Androgens
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2 main hormones of thyroid gland?
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Thyroid Hormone: T4, T3 (active form),
Calcitonin |
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What is the main function of calcitonin?
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Management of calcium, helps promote deposition of calcium into bone, secondary to parathyroid
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Hormone of Parathyroid? Function?
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Parathyroid hormone - main manager of calcium
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2 Hormones of Pancreatic Islet Cells
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Insulin, Glucagon
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Function of glucagon?
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Counter regulatory hormone for insulin. Causes breakdown of glycogen stores in liver to glucose to be released into blood stream
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4 Hormones of Kidney?
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Renin, Erythropoetin, Calcitrol, Angiotensin II
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Function of renin?
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Autoregulation of blood pressure, and helps to maintain sodium balance
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Function of calcitrol?
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Active form of Vit D
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Function of Angiotensin II?
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Stimulates aldosterone
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Hormone of testes?
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Testosterone
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2 Hormones of ovary?
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Estrogen, Progesterone
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4 hormones of placenta?
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Estrogen, Progesterone, Human Chorionic Somatommotropin, Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
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2 Hormones of bone?
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BMP (bone morophogenic protein), FGF-23 (fibroblast growth factor 23)
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Function of FGF 23?
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Controls phosphate metabolism. Increase is assoc w/ increased mortality
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3 types of compounds of hormones?
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Steroid, Amino Acid Tyrosine Derivatives, Protein and Peptides
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5 examples of steroid hormones/ locations?
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Adrenal, Ovary, Testes, Placenta, 1,25 OH2D3 (calcitrol)
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5 examples of amino acid tyrosine derivative hormones?
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T4, T3, TRH, Epi, Norepi
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5 examples of protein and peptide hormones/locations?
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Anterior Pituitary, Posterior pituitary, Insulin, Glucagon, Parathyroid
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What is a hormone receptor?
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Large protein specific to single hormone
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3 types of hormone receptors?
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Surface, Cytoplasm, Gene activation
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3 mechanisms of hormone actions on receptors?
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Change membrane permeability (opens/ closes channels i.e. Na+, K+),
Intracellular enzyme action (i.e. insulin activates intracellular enzyme kinase - results in phosphorilation). Activation of genes (i.e. steroid and thyroid hormone). |
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8 hormones that stimulate C-AMP?
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ACTH, TSH, LH, FSH, PTH, Glucagon, Vasopressin, hypothalamic hormones
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What is a second messenger mechanism?
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Hormone binds to receptor on cell surface. Second messenger molecule relays signal from cell surface to target within the cell cytoplasm or nucleus.
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2 ways to measure hormones?
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Radioimmunoassay, Metabolic clearance rate (local tissue destruction, binding to tissues, renal or hepatic clearance)
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Where is the pituitary gland located?
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In sella tursica (bone cavity in base of skull). It is connected to hypothalamus by pituitary stalk. 1 cm in diameter.
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What is a major danger of damage to the pituitary stalk?
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If stalk is severed during trauma/ surgery, release of pituitary hormones will severely impacted.
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Another name for the anterior pituitary
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Adenohypophesis
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Where does the anterior pituitary originate from?
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Rathke's pouch, an embryonic invagination of the pharyngeal epithelium. Thus anterior pituitary cells are epithelial cells.
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What controls the hormone release or inhibition in the anterior pituitary?
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Nerves in hypothalamus control hypothalamus hormone release (stimulating or releasing hormones) that travel through the hypophysial portal venous system directly into the anterior pituitary to either stimulate or inhibit the release of anterior pituitary hormones.
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6 Hypothalamic Hormones for the anterior pituitary?
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Thyrotropin releasing hormone, Corticotropin releasing hormone, Growth hormone releasing hormone, growth hormone inhibiting hormone, gonadotropin releasing hormone, prolactin inhibiting hormone
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Main functions of Hypolthalamus besides being a coordinating center for the endocrine system?
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Temperature regulation, autonomic nervous system, control of appetite
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What does Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) do?
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Released from hypothal, causes TSH release.
Neurons located in medial portion of paraventricular nuclei of hypothal |
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What does Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) do?
What potentiates CRH secretion? |
Causes ACTH release, has a long half life of 60 min.
ADH and Angiotensin II --> CRH secretion of ACTH. CRH also secreted by placenta in late trimester |
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What does Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GRH) do?
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Causes GH release. Neurons located in the arcuate nucleus, has a long half life of 50 min, very similar to GI peptides.
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What is growth hormone inhibitory hormone (GHIH) aka? What does it do?
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Somatostatin.
Inhibits release of GH and TSH. Neurons located in periventricular region. Same hormone found in pancreatic cells, GI mucosa and C cells of thyroid |
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What does Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) do?
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Stimulates LH and FSH. Located in preoptic area of anterior hypothalamus.
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What does Prolactin Inhibitory hormone (PIH) do?
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Inhibits prolactin release.
AKA dopamine. Neurons in arcuate nuclei. |
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Other name for posterior pituitary?
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Neurohypophesis
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What controls the neurohypophesis (posterior pituitary)?
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Nerves from hypothalamus.
Originates as an outgrowth of hypothal neural tissue. Has large number of glial cells. |
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2 Hormones of posterior pituitary?
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ADH, oxytocin
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What part of the hypothalamus mainly makes ADH?
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Large cell neurons in supraoptic nuclei
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What part of the hypothalamus mainly makes oxytocin?
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Paraventricular nuclei
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What is ADH important for?
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Water balance regulation, vasoconstriction, important for heart function
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What is Oxytocin important for?
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Smooth muscle contraction of the cells that line the mammary gland ducts --> milk ejection
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What is hypopituitarism?
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Decreased secretion either due to disease of the pituitary or hypothalamus.
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Most common cause of hypopituitarism?
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Pituitary tumor or resection of tumor
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Clinical presentation (sx) of hypopituitarism?
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Depends on degree of hormonal deficiency. May be asymptomatic or present with sx of particular hormone(s) deficiency. Nonspecific fatigue.
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2 origins of causes of hypopituitarism?
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Pituitary causes, hypothalamus causes
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What are the pituitary causes of hypopituitarism?
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Mass lesion, pituitary surgery, infiltrative lesions (hereditary hemachrromatosis, lymphocytic hypophysitis), pituitary infarction (Sheehan's syndrome), pituitary apoplexy, genetic diseases
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Hypothalamic causes of hypopituitarism?
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Mass lesion, hypothalamic radiation, infiltrative lesions, infections, traumatic brain injury, subarachnoid hemorrhage
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Dx of hypopituitarism is based off of what?
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Whether 1 or more pituitary hormones are low or absent.
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2 MOST important hormones to treat in hypopituitarism because it is life threatening?
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Cortisol*******,
Thyroid******* |
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Other homrones you would want to look for deficiency of in hypopituitarism?
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Testosterone in men, estrogen/ progesterone in women if absence of menses in pre-menopausal, growth hormone, prolactin
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Treatment for hypopituitarism?
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Give hormone deficient usually. For prolactin, no therapy available.
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Presentation of Sellar Mass?
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Neuro sx: visual impairment or HA, visual field cuts, diploplia, CSF rhinorrhea, pituitary infarct or hemorrhage
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Dx of Sellar Mass?
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Often an incidental finding on CT or MRI, hormonal abnormalities
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Possible causes of sellar masses (pituitary adenomas)?
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Gene mutations: Men-1 (loss of tumor suppressor gene), FGF-4 (fibroblast growth factor 4), PTTG (pituitary transforming gene)
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Most common type of Sellar Mass from 3rd decade on?
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Adenoma
<1.0 cm = microadenoma >1.0 cm = macroadenoma |
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Effects of different types of sellar masses?
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Gonadotroph: non-functional.
Thyrotroph: Non-functional or hyperthyroid Lactotroph: high prolactin Somatotroph: Acromegaly Corticotroph: Cushings |
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Physiological causes of lactrotroph hyperplasia sellar mass?
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Pregnancy
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Physiological cause of thyrotroph hyperplasia sellar mass?
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Primary hypothyrroidism
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Physiological cause of gonadotroph hyperplasia sellar mass?
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Primary hypogonadism
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Other types of sellar masses besides adenoma?
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Benign tumors: craniopheryngioma, meningioma, Malignant tumors, cysts, abscess, Arteriovenous malformation
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What clinical presentation might you see in craniopheryngioma (benign sellar mass)?
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Abnormal vision, growth retardation, pituitary deficiency especially diabetes insipidus.
On CT: Calcification |
