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19 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the function of hGC
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basically works like LH
tells corpus luteum to maintain progesterone production |
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how can you get stimulation of the thyroid gland during pregnancy
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hGC, LH, FSH, and TSH all have alpha and beta chains
the alpha are all the same, but the beta gives uniqueness when hGC is increased in pregnancy, you can actually get some activation of the thyroid due to the similarity of the structures of the hormones |
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when pregnant, what happens to the pituitary gland? what happens to FSH and LH levels?
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pituitary increases in size (increase prolactin, oxytocin, ACTH)
decrease in LH and FSH |
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what happens to the adrenal cortex when pregnant?
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↑ response to ACTH
↑ cortisol secretion (due to ↑[ACTH] and hypersensitivity) ↑ liver production of cortisol binding globulin (CBG) E2 (+) ↑ free cortisol ↑ total cortisol this increase in cortisol may play a role in insulin resistance later in pregnancy ↑ aldosterone E2 (+) liver so ↑ renin substrate - - ↑ renin - - ↑ angiotensin II |
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what cardiovascular changes are seen during pregnancy (consider CO and BP)
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increase in CO but no increase in BP
increase in BP shows pathology such as pre-eclampsia |
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what is Human placental lactogen (hPL) role?
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works through prolactin receptors and causes
(+) IGF-1 production (+) pancreatic insulin secretion (+) lipolysis can contriubte to peripheral insulin resistance |
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what 2 things can lead to peripheral insulin resistance in pregnancy?
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Cortisol
Human placental lactogen (hPL) |
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what is an important regulatory difference between placental corticotropin releasing hormone (CHR) and hypothalamic CRH?
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unlike hypothalamic CRH, Placental is (+) by glucocorticoids
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the placenta lacks 17 alpha hydroxylase...what can't it make?
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Androgens
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fetal adrenals lacks 3B hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase...what can't be produced?
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progesterone
so placenta uses cholesterol from maternal system to make it for fetus |
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what is one hormone that can be monitored in mom to show fetal health?
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estriol levels
fetus produces precursors placenta makes it into estriol it is then pushed to momma this shows the Maternal – Fetal – Placental Unit |
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effects of progesterone during pregnancy?
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inhibit myometrial contractions
block OT receptors - inhibit COX-2 slow GI mobility vasodilation (-) PG production increase alveolar ventilation suppress maternal immune system ‘checks’ PRL effect on breast tissue |
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effects of estrogens during pregnancy?
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(+) uterine growth and blood flow
↑ myometrial OT receptor # (+) breast development (+) hepatic protein production vasodilation (+) PG production (+) LDL uptake by placenta ↑ gap jcts. in myometrial cells (helps facilitate expulsion of the fetus) |
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at onset of parturition (labor) what is a key event that changes a hormonal ratio?
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Removal of the progesterone block
allows for increased fetal CRH increase (leading to ACTH increase in fetal and maternal systems...etc etc etc) |
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flip to see the hormonal process of parturition with the placenta, maternal system, and fetal system..
this is probably pretty important |
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Oxytocin utilizes what receptor? What is the Fergusson reflex
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Gαq receptor
pressure of fetus on cervix leads to increase oxytocin to stimulate myometrial contraction (increases calcium) note: also leads to increase PG prodcution |
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Prostaglandins role n Parturition
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(+) myometrial contractions: ↑[Ca++]i
(+) gap jct. formation between myometrial cells Promote depolarization of neighboring myocytes softening – effacement of cervix |
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What are pre-eclampsia and eclampsia?
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Pre: Increased BP, proteinuria
Eclampsia: above + seizures Usually seen after 20th week of preggo |
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what is Fetal microchimerism
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persistence of fetal cells in the mother after birth without any apparent rejection
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