Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Endergonic (building) |
Building... simple->complex... monomer into a polymer... dehydration synthesis... REQUIRES ENERGY... Reduction (Gains an electron)... Photosynthesis... ATP+H2O-->ATP+P+ENERGY |
|
|
EXERGONIC (destroying) |
Releases energy... Oxidation (loses an electron)... Hydrolysis (what you ate this morning breaking down food)... Complex to simple... polymer->monomer... Cellular respiration... DESTROYING... the amount of energy in the product is less than that in the reactants... ADP+P+ENERGY-->ATP+H2O |
|
|
Metabolism |
Chemical reactions inside the cells |
|
|
First Law of Thermodynamics |
-Energy cannot be created or destroyed -Energy can be converted to other forms -Law of energy conversion -Total amount of energy in the universe is constant ....Sunlight |
|
|
Second Law of Thermodynamics |
-All energy transformations are insufficient -Every reaction loses some energy as heat -Process is irreversible -ENTROPY- measure of randomness... Disorder ... heat disposal, the more heat, more entropy |
|
|
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN |
Linked oxidation and reduction reactions. A series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors. |
|
|
OXIDATION (REDOX) reactions |
-Gives away electrons -Releases energy EXERGONIC. .. breakdown molecules |
|
|
REDUCTION |
-Gains electrons -Requires energy-Exergonic -Occurs simultaneously -Electrons gives off burst of energy as they move along |
|
|
OIL RIG |
OIL- Oil is Losing RIG- Reduction is Gaining |
|
|
ATP |
-Mitochondria makes ATP -It's the unit of energy the cell uses -Type of nucleotide -3 phosphate groups - Coupled reactions- the cell uses the energy released in ATP hydrolysis to drive another reaction. Releasing and storing energy in ATP -ATP links endergonic and exergonic reactions
ADP- 2 PHOSPHATE GROUPS |
|
|
Addit'l storage |
-Fats -Lipids -Glycogen |
|
|
ENZYMES |
-Speed up biochemical reactions -Bring reactants together -Organic molecule that catalyzes or speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed. -Most are proteins -Lower energy of activation (amount of energy needed to start a reaction) -Enzymes bring reactants together -Faulty or missing enzyme can have dramatic effects. -PKU- LACTOSE (Lactase) -ase |
|
|
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK-- FEEDBACK INHIBITION |
-Reactions INHIBITS enzyme that contain it's formation -A reaction product temporarily shuts down its own synthesis -Balance supply and demand -Get contraction but that's it no baby |
|
|
2 types of negative to stop inhibition COMPETETIVE |
Product binds to the active site |
|
|
NONCOMPETITIVE |
Product binds elsewhere |
|
|
POSITIVE FEEDBACK |
-Product activates the pathway leading it's own production -Rarer then negative -Blood clotting (FIBRIN) -continuos ongoing contractions |
|
|
Concentration Gradient |
-Solute more concentrated in one region -A difference in solute concentration between 2 neighboring regions -Gradients dissipate without energy input |
|
|
PASSIVE (diffusion or osmosis) |
-DOES NOT require energy input -All forms of passive transport require diffusion -Molecules do not stop moving at equilibrium |
|
|
DIFFUSION |
-High to low concentration -Molecules do not so moving at equilibrium -NO protein transport -NO carrier molecule -Small and nonpolar molecules can cross membrane easily |
|
|
OSMOSIS |
-Movement of water from areas of high water concentration (low solute concentration) to area of low water concentration ( high solute concentration. -Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane -Water diffuses down its own concentration Gradient -NO ATP -Isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic |
|
|
ISOTONIC |
Equal concentration |
|
|
HYPOTONIC |
-Solute concentration is lower outside the cell then it is inside the cell -cell gets bigger -Under |
|
|
HYPERTONIC |
-The outside has a higher concentration of solute then the cells cytoplasm. -Cell shrinks -Overactive ---Creating TURGOR PRESSURE- when plant cells lose too much water the resulting loss of turgor pressure causes the plant to wilt.
|
|
|
FACILITATED DIFFUSION |
NO ATP BUT REQUIRES A TRANSPORT CARRIER -Movement of solute from high to love concentration -Proteins assisting ions and polar molecules across membrane |
|
|
ACTIVE TRANSPORT |
WITH A TRANSPORT PROTEIN REQUIRES ENERGY ATP -From low concentration to high concentration --SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP- Uses active transport to exchange sodium ions for potassium ions across an animals cell membrane |
|
|
ENDOCYTOSIS |
USE VESICLES TO TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES -The process to engulf fluids or large molecules through pinocytosis or phagocytosis. RECEPTOR-MEDIATED ENDOCYTOSIS- Molecules are ingested into the cell. Specificity. The cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins, viruses, by an inward budding of plasma membranes vesicles containing proteins with receptor sites specific to the molecules being absorbed. |
|
|
PINOCYTOSIS |
-FLUIDS AND DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES |
|
|
PHAGOCYTOSIS |
Large particles or cells |
|
|
EXOCYTOSIS |
-Uses vesicles -Transports fluids and large particles out of the cell |
